Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which agricultural innovation is most directly associated with the Third Agricultural Revolution?
Which agricultural innovation is most directly associated with the Third Agricultural Revolution?
- The implementation of enclosure acts to consolidate land ownership.
- The domestication of animals for agricultural labor and food production.
- The development and widespread use of hybrid seeds and chemical fertilizers. (correct)
- The introduction of crop rotation techniques to maintain soil fertility.
How did the Enclosure Acts during the Second Agricultural Revolution impact agricultural practices?
How did the Enclosure Acts during the Second Agricultural Revolution impact agricultural practices?
- They reduced the availability of land for grazing livestock.
- They decreased crop yields due to soil degradation.
- They increased communal farming practices and resource sharing.
- They facilitated private land ownership and more efficient farming methods. (correct)
What geographical factor primarily explains why the Green Revolution had limited success in Sub-Saharan Africa?
What geographical factor primarily explains why the Green Revolution had limited success in Sub-Saharan Africa?
- Excessive government regulation of agricultural practices.
- Lack of access to international markets for crop sales.
- The diverse range of crops and inadequate infrastructure. (correct)
- Uniformity in climate and soil types across the region.
In Von Thünen's model, what is the primary reason that dairy farming and market gardening are located closest to the city center?
In Von Thünen's model, what is the primary reason that dairy farming and market gardening are located closest to the city center?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of a 'food desert'?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of a 'food desert'?
Which of the following is a potential environmental consequence associated with monoculture farming practices?
Which of the following is a potential environmental consequence associated with monoculture farming practices?
How do improvements in transportation technology challenge the predictions of Von Thünen's model?
How do improvements in transportation technology challenge the predictions of Von Thünen's model?
What is a key difference between intensive and extensive farming practices?
What is a key difference between intensive and extensive farming practices?
Which set of crops and animals originated in Southwest Asia, according to the provided agricultural hearths?
Which set of crops and animals originated in Southwest Asia, according to the provided agricultural hearths?
What is the primary goal of the Fair Trade movement in agriculture?
What is the primary goal of the Fair Trade movement in agriculture?
Flashcards
Agriculture
Agriculture
Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface to grow crops and raise livestock for food or profit.
Subsistence Agriculture
Subsistence Agriculture
Small-scale farming primarily for local consumption.
Commercial Agriculture
Commercial Agriculture
Large-scale farming for sale in markets.
First Agricultural Revolution
First Agricultural Revolution
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Second Agricultural Revolution
Second Agricultural Revolution
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Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)
Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)
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Intensive Farming
Intensive Farming
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Extensive Farming
Extensive Farming
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Subsistence Agriculture
Subsistence Agriculture
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Commercial Agriculture
Commercial Agriculture
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Study Notes
- Study notes designed for excelling in AP Human Geography Unit 5: Agriculture
Key Concepts Overview
- Agriculture is the deliberate modification of Earth’s surface to cultivate crops and raise livestock for sustenance or economic gain
Types of Agriculture
- Subsistence agriculture involves small-scale farming for local consumption
- Commercial agriculture involves large-scale farming for sale in markets
Agricultural Revolutions
First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic) (~10,000 years ago)
- Involved a shift from hunting and gathering to farming
- Key crops included wheat and barley in Southwest Asia, rice in East Asia, and maize in Mesoamerica
- Domestication of animals included cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats
Second Agricultural Revolution (1700s - 1800s)
- Coincided with the Industrial Revolution
- Key changes included the Enclosure Acts (private property for farming)
- New technology included the steel plow, seed drill, and crop rotation
- Resulted in more food, leading to a population boom and urban migration
Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution) (1960s - today)
- Norman Borlaug is the key scientist (father of the Green Revolution)
- Innovations included hybrid seeds (GMOs)
- Innovations included chemical fertilizers and pesticides
- Innovations included mechanization (tractors, irrigation)
- Successes included increased food production in India and Mexico
- Failures occurred because it was not successful in Africa due to poor infrastructure and diversity in crops
Agricultural Hearths
SW Asia (Fertile Crescent)
- Crops & Animals: Wheat, barley, lentils, olives; Cattle, pigs, sheep, goats
East Asia
- Crops & Animals: Rice (Yangtze River), Soybeans
Sub-Saharan Africa
- Crops & Animals: Sorghum, yams, millet
Mesoamerica (Mexico)
- Crops & Animals: Maize (corn), beans, squash, potatoes
South America (Andes)
- Crops & Animals: Potatoes, cassava
SE Asia
- Crops & Animals: Mango, taro, coconut
Types of Farming Practices
Intensive vs. Extensive Farming
Intensive
- Definition: Small area, high input & output
- Example Crops: Rice, dairy, plantation farming
- Labor Use: High
- Market Proximity: Close to cities (market gardening)
Extensive
- Definition: Large area, low input & output
- Example Crops: Ranching, shifting cultivation
- Labor Use: Low
- Market Proximity: Far from cities (cattle ranching)
Subsistence vs. Commercial Agriculture
Subsistence
- Purpose: To feed the farmer's family
- Technology Use: Low
- Land Size: Small
- Regions Found: Developing countries
Commercial
- Purpose: To sell in markets
- Technology Use: High
- Land Size: Large
- Regions Found: Developed countries
Land Use Patterns
- Von Thünen’s Model (1826) explains how land is used for agriculture
- Center: Market
- Dairy & Market Gardening is located closer to the city because of perishable goods
- Forests historically surrounded cities, because they were important for fuel
- Grain Farming is located farther from the city because it is less perishable
- Livestock Ranching needs lots of land, therefore it is located farthest away
Exceptions to Von Thünen’s Model
- Technology (Refrigeration, transportation improvements)
- Physical geography (Mountains, rivers, soil quality)
Agricultural Challenges
Environmental Issues
- Soil Erosion is an issue due to deforestation and overfarming
- Desertification is where fertile land turns into desert
- Salinization is salt buildup from irrigation
- Deforestation involves cutting trees for farmland
Economic & Social Issues
- Food Deserts are urban areas with no fresh food
- Agribusiness involves corporations controlling farming
- Monoculture involves growing only one crop, which results in disease risk
Modern Agriculture & Globalization
- GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) are more resistant crops but controversial
- Sustainable Agriculture includes organic farming, and crop rotation
- Fair Trade Movement promotes the ethical treatment of farmers
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