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Questions and Answers
What does bartering involve?
What does bartering involve?
What can be inferred about trade routes based on the discovery of obsidian in Jerusalem?
What can be inferred about trade routes based on the discovery of obsidian in Jerusalem?
Which of these was commonly bartered?
Which of these was commonly bartered?
What is the primary role of a merchant?
What is the primary role of a merchant?
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What effect did a surplus of food have on early societies?
What effect did a surplus of food have on early societies?
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What was a significant effect of bartering?
What was a significant effect of bartering?
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How did the development of farming alter human lifestyles?
How did the development of farming alter human lifestyles?
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What material was used to create the Neolithic artifact mentioned?
What material was used to create the Neolithic artifact mentioned?
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What is the purpose of having three legs on a pottery vessel?
What is the purpose of having three legs on a pottery vessel?
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What does the design of the vessel suggest about labor division in Neolithic societies?
What does the design of the vessel suggest about labor division in Neolithic societies?
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Why was plant domestication a slow process?
Why was plant domestication a slow process?
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Which of the following crops was NOT grown in the Fertile Crescent?
Which of the following crops was NOT grown in the Fertile Crescent?
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What was one significant effect of animal domestication?
What was one significant effect of animal domestication?
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What was one downside of domesticating animals?
What was one downside of domesticating animals?
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How did surplus food affect the roles of individuals in early communities?
How did surplus food affect the roles of individuals in early communities?
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Where did the first permanent human settlements form?
Where did the first permanent human settlements form?
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What was one effect of humans settling in one place?
What was one effect of humans settling in one place?
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How did tools change when humans began to live in settlements?
How did tools change when humans began to live in settlements?
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Why might humans have decided to stop living as hunter-gatherers?
Why might humans have decided to stop living as hunter-gatherers?
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Which form of domestication occurred first?
Which form of domestication occurred first?
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Study Notes
New Settlements and Domestication
- The first permanent human settlements emerged in Mesopotamia, specifically in the Fertile Crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
- Settling in one place led to the construction of permanent homes.
- With the establishment of settlements, the tools created shifted towards those needed for agriculture.
- The transition from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to settled life was influenced by increasing population and reliance on domesticated plants and animals.
- Animal domestication occurred before plant domestication, marking a significant change in human lifestyle.
Crop and Animal Domestication
- Plant domestication was a gradual process, requiring multiple cycles of planting, selecting desirable seeds, and saving them for future planting.
- Key crops grown in the Fertile Crescent included wheat, barley, einkorn, and peas.
- In Asia, important crops included rice and millet.
- Domestication of animals provided humans with essential resources such as fat, meat, milk, and labor, but also introduced the risk of diseases being transmitted to humans.
Development of Communities
- When farmers produced more crops than they could consume in one season, they created systems to store surplus food.
- Living in food-surplus communities allowed individuals to pursue various roles beyond full-time farming, enabling job specialization.
- Specializations included crafting artwork, textiles, tools, weapons, and pottery.
First Economies and Barter Systems
- The availability of surplus goods fostered the practice of bartering, facilitating trade of items without monetary exchange.
- Archaeological discoveries of obsidian from Neolithic Turkey near Jerusalem indicate the existence of long-distance trade networks during that period.
- Items commonly bartered included cloth dyes, spices, and jewelry.
- A merchant is characterized as someone who engages in buying and selling goods, organizing long-distance trade, and transporting goods across different groups.
Impact of Bartering and Agriculture
- Bartering not only exchanged goods but also contributed to the spread of ideas and knowledge among various groups.
- The development of agriculture marked a significant shift from a nomadic lifestyle to a settled existence, where individuals accumulated more resources than necessary.
Primary Source Insights
- A notable Neolithic artifact is a pottery food vessel made from clay.
- The vessel's three-legged design ensures stability, preventing spills.
- The bird-shaped design reflects the artistic choices of the craftsperson, showcasing creativity.
- This vessel serves as evidence of the division of labor in Neolithic societies, indicating the presence of specialized artisans.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Chapter 2 of the Agricultural Revolution. Explore the formation of permanent settlements in Mesopotamia and the impact of these developments on human life. This quiz covers key concepts presented in the notes from pages 12-15.
