AP Human Geography Chapter 3

Questions and Answers

What was the main reason several thousand Haitians migrated to the United States?

Economic advancement (correct)

Education opportunities

Family reunification

Political asylum

US immigration officials allowed Haitians aboard boats to stay in the United States.

False

In what year did the Vietnam War end?

1975

Why were several thousand people evacuated from Saigon after the Vietnam War?

They were vulnerable to persecution after the Communist victory Signup and view all the answers

What is an intervening obstacle?

An environmental or political feature that hinders migration. Signup and view all the answers

How do intervening obstacles play a role in physical geography?

Physical geography, once a common type of intervening obstacle, has been largely overcome due to improvements in transportation. Signup and view all the answers

How do intervening obstacles play a role in transportation?

Travel can still be an expensive intervening obstacle to migration. Signup and view all the answers

How do intervening obstacles affect political concerns/laws?

Politics/legalities have become significant intervening obstacles for migrants, with stricter immigration laws in many countries. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Quota Act (1921) and the National Origins Act (1924) do?

These laws established quotas or limits on the number of immigrants from certain areas during certain time periods. Signup and view all the answers

How did US quotas favor immigration from certain regions?

US quotas favored northern and western Europeans, but many Latin American immigrants came due to the early quota applying to the Eastern Hemisphere. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Immigration Act of 1965 change existing quota laws?

Hemispheric laws became the norm with both hemispheres being placed under quota. Signup and view all the answers

How were immigration laws further changed in 1978 and 1990?

In 1978, a worldwide quota of 290,000 was set with a 20,000 cap per country. In 1990, the quota was raised to 700,000. Signup and view all the answers

What preferences does US immigration law give to certain groups?

Families, skilled workers, and individuals from countries with low immigration numbers to promote diversity. Signup and view all the answers

What is brain drain?

The loss of skilled educated individuals from a country. Signup and view all the answers

What is chain migration?

When immigrants follow family or previous emigrants to a new area and often live in clusters. Signup and view all the answers

What are unauthorized immigrants?

People who enter a country without proper documentation and without following proper procedures. Signup and view all the answers

Where do most unauthorized immigrants to the US come from?

58% of unauthorized immigrants come from Mexico. Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of unauthorized immigrants in the US?

11.2 million, including 1 million children, with about 4.5 million babies born to unauthorized immigrants. Signup and view all the answers

What percent of unauthorized immigrants have stayed in the US for 15 or more years?

35%. Signup and view all the answers

How many million unauthorized immigrants are in the American workforce?

8 million. Signup and view all the answers

What areas of work do most unauthorized immigrants work in?

Construction or hospitality industries, primarily in California and Texas. Signup and view all the answers

How did the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act attempt to change the status of some illegal immigrants?

It issued visas to thousands who had immigrated illegally in previous years, attempting to legalize their status. Signup and view all the answers

In the past, which gender migrated more?

Overwhelmingly male. Signup and view all the answers

Where do most migrants come from?

The largest group is still from Mexico, with an increasing number from other Latin American countries. Signup and view all the answers

What are the US's attitudes toward immigrants?

Immigration is necessary, federal enforcement, fewer restrictions, and it improves the country with diversity. Signup and view all the answers

What are European attitudes toward immigrants/guest workers?

More restrictions, workers not as necessary, and concern over cultural cohesiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What were some causes of European immigration to the United States?

Poverty, war, religious persecution, opportunities, and freedoms in the US. Signup and view all the answers

What were some important effects of European immigration to the US?

Spread of Indo-European languages, Christianity, European political institutions, and culture. Signup and view all the answers

What are Ravenstein's laws of migration?

<ol> <li>Most immigrants are male. 2. Most immigration is within a country/region (short distances). 3. Most immigrants immigrate in small steps. 4. Most international immigration is from urban to urban areas. 5. Women move within a country more than men. 6. Families and elderly seldom migrate internationally. 7. Every migration has a country flow. 8. Urban residents are less migratory than rural.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Where did historic US migration go?

From the east to the frontier. Signup and view all the answers

When did black migration to northern cities occur?

During WW1 and WW2. Signup and view all the answers

Where did many Cubans migrate during the 1950s and 60s?

Florida. Signup and view all the answers

What recent migration trend has occurred from the Rust Belt?

Migration to the Sun Belt. Signup and view all the answers

As of 1960, what percent of immigrants to the US were Europeans?

50%. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the largest sources of immigration for a brief time in the 1980s?

Southeastern Asians. Signup and view all the answers

What is another term for internal migration?

National migration flows. Signup and view all the answers

What are characteristics of guest workers?

They have short-term visas and send remittances to their home country. Signup and view all the answers

What do most foreign workers in Europe do?

They take low-status and low-skilled jobs. Signup and view all the answers

Where do most guest workers in Europe come from?

North Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Asia. Signup and view all the answers

How do many Western Europeans feel about guest workers?

Many dislike guest workers and oppose government programs to improve their conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What happened to Palestinian guest workers after the 1991 Gulf War?

Many were expelled by Kuwaiti officials. Signup and view all the answers

When did millions of Asians migrate as laborers?

In the nineteenth century. Signup and view all the answers

What did the US government regard emigrants from Cuba as?

Political refugees. Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal obstacle traditionally faced by migrants to other countries?

Environmental factors, such as long arduous passages over land or by sea. Signup and view all the answers

How were the conditions on the ships during migration historically?

Cramped and unsanitary. Signup and view all the answers

What are major obstacles for immigrants today?

Cultural challenges. Signup and view all the answers

How do most immigrants travel nowadays?

Motor vehicles and airplanes. Signup and view all the answers

What two major difficulties do immigrants face upon entering a new country?

Gaining permission to enter and dealing with hostile citizens. Signup and view all the answers

What policies to control the arrival of foreigners seeking work have most countries adopted?

A quota system and guest worker programs. Signup and view all the answers

When did the era of unrestricted immigration to the US end?

In 1921 with the Quota Act and the National Origins Act. Signup and view all the answers

What is a quota?

Maximum limits on the number of people that can enter the US in a year from each country. Signup and view all the answers

What was the number of immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere yearly?

150,000 people per year. Signup and view all the answers

What were quota laws designed to do?

Assure that most immigrants to the United States continued to be Europeans. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage did Asians account for during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

5%. Signup and view all the answers

What happened to quotas in 1978?

The hemisphere quota was replaced by a global quota of 290,000. Signup and view all the answers

What is the current global quota for immigrants?

620,000, with no more than 7 percent from one country. Signup and view all the answers

About how many immigrants are admitted to reunify families?

About three-fourths or 75%. Signup and view all the answers

Does the quota apply to refugees?

No, the quota does not apply to refugees. Signup and view all the answers

Who is admitted without limit under US immigration laws?

Spouses, children, and parents of US citizens. Signup and view all the answers

From what region do most skilled workers come?

Asia. Signup and view all the answers

Which state has the largest percentage of unauthorized immigrants?

Nevada. Signup and view all the answers

How long is the US-Mexico border?

1951 miles long, with only 1/4 covered with a barrier. Signup and view all the answers

What percent of immigrants are young adults?

40% are between ages 25 and 39. Signup and view all the answers

What is an undocumented immigrant?

Term preferred by groups that advocate for more rights for these individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term illegal alien?

The term preferred by groups who favor tougher restrictions and enforcement of immigration laws. Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred term for unauthorized immigrants?

Unauthorized immigrant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal obstacle traditionally faced by migrants to other countries?

Environmental, such as long arduous passage over land or by sea. Signup and view all the answers

How were the conditions of the ships historical migrants used?

Cramped and unsanitary. Signup and view all the answers

What are the major obstacles for immigrants today?

Cultural challenges. Signup and view all the answers

How do most immigrants travel nowadays?

Motor vehicles and airplanes. Signup and view all the answers

What two major difficulties do immigrants face upon entering a new country?

Gaining permission to enter the country and dealing with hostile citizens. Signup and view all the answers

What two policies to control the arrival of foreigners seeking work have most countries adopted?

A quota system and temporary guest worker policies. Signup and view all the answers

When did the era of unrestricted immigration to the US end?

In 1921 with the Quota Act and the National Origins Act. Signup and view all the answers

What is a quota?

Maximum limits on the number of people that can enter the US in a year from each country. Signup and view all the answers

What was the number of immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere yearly?

150,000 people per year. Signup and view all the answers

What were quota laws designed to do?

To assure that most immigrants to the United States continued to be Europeans. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage did Asians account for during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

5%. Signup and view all the answers

What happened to quotas in 1978?

The hemisphere quota was replaced by a global quota of 290,000. Signup and view all the answers

What is the current global quota for immigrants?

620,000, with no more than 7 percent from one country. Signup and view all the answers

About how many immigrants are admitted to reunify families?

About three-fourths or 75%. Signup and view all the answers

Does the quota apply to refugees?

No, the quota does not apply to refugees. Signup and view all the answers

Who is admitted without limit under US immigration laws?

Spouses, children, and parents of US citizens. Signup and view all the answers

From what region do most skilled workers come?

Asia. Signup and view all the answers

Which state has the largest percentage of unauthorized immigrants?

Nevada. Signup and view all the answers

How long is the US-Mexico border?

1951 miles long, with only 1/4 covered with a barrier. Signup and view all the answers

What percent of immigrants are young adults?

40% are between ages 25 and 39. Signup and view all the answers

What is an undocumented immigrant?

Term preferred by groups that advocate for more rights for these individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term illegal alien?

The term preferred by groups who favor tougher restrictions and enforcement of immigration laws. Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred term for unauthorized immigrants?

Unauthorized immigrant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal obstacle traditionally faced by migrants to other countries?

Environmental factors, such as long arduous passage over land or by sea. Signup and view all the answers

How were the conditions of the ships historical migrants used?

Cramped and unsanitary. Signup and view all the answers

What are the major obstacles for immigrants today?

Cultural challenges. Signup and view all the answers

How do most immigrants travel nowadays?

Motor vehicles and airplanes. Signup and view all the answers

What two major difficulties do immigrants face upon entering a new country?

Gaining permission to enter and dealing with hostile citizens. Signup and view all the answers

What two policies to control the arrival of foreigners seeking work have most countries adopted?

A quota system and guest worker programs. Signup and view all the answers

When did the era of unrestricted immigration to the US end?

In 1921 with the Quota Act and the National Origins Act. Signup and view all the answers

What is a quota?

Maximum limits on the number of people that can enter the US in a year from each country. Signup and view all the answers

What was the number of immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere yearly?

150,000 people per year. Signup and view all the answers

What were quota laws designed to do?

To assure that most immigrants to the United States continued to be Europeans. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage did Asians account for during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

5%. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Intervening Obstacles

Intervening obstacles are environmental or political features that hinder migration.
Physical geography obstacles like mountains and deserts have diminished due to advancements in transportation.
Transportation costs can still impede migration opportunities for many individuals.
Political and legal barriers have increased, with stricter immigration laws making it challenging for migrants.

Historical Quota Laws in the U.S.

Quota Act (1921) and National Origins Act (1924) established immigration limits from specific areas.
Initial quotas favored northern and western Europeans, with significant Latin American immigration due to earlier eastern hemisphere restrictions.
Immigration Act of 1965 transitioned to hemispheric quotas.
Quotas were adjusted: in 1978 a global quota of 290,000 was set, and in 1990 raised to 700,000, with a cap of 20,000 from any single country.

Immigration Preferences and Trends

U.S. immigration law prioritizes family reunification, skilled workers, and individuals from countries with low immigration rates for diversity.
Brain drain refers to the emigration of highly skilled professionals from their home countries.
Chain migration involves immigrants following family or prior emigrants to new locations, often leading to concentrated communities.
Unauthorized immigrants, especially prevalent from Mexico, make up a significant portion of the immigrant population.

Unauthorized Immigration Statistics

Approximately 11.2 million unauthorized immigrants reside in the U.S., including 1 million children.
Historical trends show that a large percentage of unauthorized immigrants have resided in the U.S. for over 15 years.
Unauthorized immigrants often work in construction and hospitality sectors, with California and Texas having the highest numbers.

Immigration Laws and Changes

The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act aimed to legalize certain undocumented immigrants.
Gender trends have shifted over time, with more females migrating than in the past.
Current perspectives on migration highlight the necessity of immigration but vary significantly between the U.S. and Europe, with the latter showing more restrictions.

Causes and Effects of Migration

European immigration to the U.S. was driven by factors such as poverty, war, and religious persecution, leading to significant cultural and linguistic impacts in the U.S.
Ravenstein’s laws of migration summarize key trends such as predominantly male immigrants and urban-to-urban movement.

Guest Workers and Internal Migration

Guest workers fill labor needs in various countries, often sending remittances home.
The situation of guest workers varies geographically, with many in precarious social conditions.
Internal migration in the U.S. occurs primarily in search of better farmland or economic opportunities.

Historical Context of Migration

The era of unrestricted immigration to the U.S. ended with the introduction of quota systems in 1921 and refined by subsequent laws.
The U.S. recognized certain groups as refugees, notably Cubans due to political circumstances, while others, like Haitians, faced barriers based on both political and economic reasons.

Regional Migration Patterns

Migration trends include a shift from the Rust Belt to the Sun Belt in more recent decades.
The U.S.-Mexico border spans 1951 miles, with barriers only covering a fraction of this distance.

Definition Clarifications

Terms related to undocumented immigrants differ, with "unauthorized immigrant" being preferred by academics, while "illegal alien" is often used by those advocating for tighter immigration controls.
Most immigrants in the U.S. are young adults, particularly between ages 25 and 39, highlighting a youthful demographic influx.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from Chapter 3 of AP Human Geography. This quiz focuses on intervening obstacles and their impact on migration due to physical geography. Review important definitions and improve your understanding of migration dynamics.