A&P Final Review - Hormones and Metabolism

A&P Final Review - Squad Presentation Q&As

• Loop of Henle Composition: Thin descending limb and thick ascending limb
• Liver Quadrant: Right upper
• Kidney-Bladder Connection: Ureter
• External Urethral Sphincter: Voluntary muscle (True)
• Digestive Tract Hormone Signaling: True. The digestive tract releases hormones signaling hunger and fullness.
• Pituitary Gland Hormone Count: 9
• Hormone Classification: Amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives
• Postpartum Bleeding Hormone: Oxytocin
• Hypothalamus Endocrine Function: Sending signals to the pituitary gland to control hormone release.
• Type 1 Diabetes: Pancreas is insulin resistant
• Heart Secondary Hormone: Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)
• Calcitriol Deficiency in Kids: Rickets
• Age-Related Female Hormone Decline: Menopause

Metabolism

• Metabolism Definition: The process of energy transformation in the body
• Metabolism Goal: Balance energy production and usage
• Anabolism Function: Creating new molecules for growth and repair
• Catabolism Breakdown: Fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
• Liver Detoxification: True
• Kidney Metabolic Role: Regulating fluid, pH, and electrolytes
• ATP Capture from Catabolism: 40%
• ATP Source in Cells: Cellular respiration (True)
• Metabolic Disease: Diabetes
• Mitochondrial Disease: Inability of mitochondria to generate energy

Cell Replication, Muscle Tissue, and Chemistry

• PMAT (Mitosis): Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase - the four phases of mitosis where cell duplication occurs.
• Atom Components: Proton, neutron, and electron
• Muscle Tissue Types: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
• Covalent Bond: Two molecules sharing electrons to become stable
• Molecule Definition: One or more elements bonded together

Lymphatic/ Immune System

• Lymph: Fluid containing white blood cells that circulates through lymphatic vessels
• Spleen Function: Filtering blood and fighting infections
• Lymphatic System Primary Function: Maintaining fluid balance and protecting against infection
• Immune Response Cells: White blood cells
• Lymph Nodes Function: Filtering lymph and trapping pathogens
• T-cell Function: Attacking infected cells
• Tonsil Function: Trapping and removing pathogens entering the throat
• Lymphatic Vessels Function: Collecting and transporting lymph
• Lymphedema: Swelling due to lymph accumulation
• Thymus Function: Maturation of T cells

Respiratory System

• Air Entry Point: Through the nares (nostrils) into the nasal cavity and through the pharynx and oral cavity.
• Shared Digestive/Respiratory Chamber: Pharynx
• Mucus-Producing Cells: Goblet cells
• Laryngeal Narrowing: Glottis
• Food/Liquid Entry Prevention: Epiglottis
• Cartilage Superior To Cricoid: Thyroid cartilage
• Elastic Ligaments In Larynx: True vocal cords
• Sound Production Structure: True vocal cords
• Reflex Triggered by Laryngeal Contact: Gag reflex
• Structure With C-Shaped Cartilage: Trachea
• Bronchi Origin: Trachea
• Sympathetic Bronchiole Effect: Bronchodilation
• Parasympathetic Bronchiole Effect: Bronchoconstriction
• Respiratory Bronchiole Destination: Alveolar ducts and sacs
• Debris Removal Cells: Alveolar macrophages
• Alveoli Collapsing Prevention: Surfactant
• Pulmonary Artery Branch Blockage: Pulmonary embolism
• Chest Wall Covering: Parietal pleura
• Heart Covering: Pericardium
• Heart Covering: Visceral pericardium

Circulatory System

• Small Vessels Connecting Arteries and Veins: Capillaries
• Blood Collection Chamber (Pulmonary): Left atrium
• Heart Serous Membrane: Pericardium
• Heart Outer Surface: Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
• Heart Tip: Apex
• Heart Wall Layers: Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
• Cardiac Muscle Cell Communication: Gap junctions
• Valve Connecting Atria to Ventricles: Atrioventricular valve
• Blood Delivery from Head/Neck/Chest: Superior vena cava
• Atrioventricular Valve Support: Chordae tendineae
• Ventricular Exit Valve Type: Semilunar valves
• Bicuspid Valve Alternative Name: Mitral valve
• Blood Exit Left Ventricle: Aortic semilunar valve and aorta
• Plasma + Formed Elements: Whole blood
• Blood Clotting Factors: Platelets
• Blood Clot Framework: Fibrin
• Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide Transport: Hemoglobin
• Smallest Blood Vessels: Capillaries
• Innermost Blood Vessel Layer: Endothelium
• Arterial Muscle Contraction: Vasoconstriction; Relaxation - Vasodilation

Nervous System

• Nervous System Functions: Integrating sensory information, coordinating voluntary responses from many organ systems. Monitoring the internal and external environments.
• Peripheral to Central Impulses: Afferent
• Action Potential Speeding Sheath: Myelin
• Hyperpolarizing Ion: Potassium
• Neuron-Muscle Communication Site: Neuromuscular junction
• Outermost Meningial Layer: Dura mater
• Neurotransmitters (Excitatory/Inhibitory): Glutamate (excitatory) and GABA (inhibitory)
• Autonomic Nervous System Divisions: Sympathetic (flight-or-fight; Adrenergic receptors) and Parasympathetic (rest-and-digest; Cholinergic receptors)

Endocrine System

• Hormone Definition: Chemical messenger transported by blood to target cells
• Heart Hormone: Atrial natriuretic peptide
• Posterior Pituitary Hormones & Actions: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.
• Spermatogenesis Stimulating Hormone: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Testosterone Secretion Hormone: Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Puberty Changes: Increases in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH); appearance of secondary sex characteristics; acceleration of oogenesis in females.
• LH Former Name: Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)
• Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Mitosis for body cell growth & repair and meiosis for reproductive cell generation.