WK 2: Communication Systems: Hormone vs Nervous System

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What percentage of bound hormones is biologically active?

10-50%
90-99.9%
0.1-10% (correct)
50-90%

What is the mechanism by which hormones stimulate production of intracellular compounds?

Entirely dependent on the half-life of the hormone
Triggering or regulating cell activity through changes in ion permeability
Altering gene expression to change the amount of key enzymes or other proteins produced
Stimulating production of intracellular compounds through second messengers (correct)

What is the duration of action of hormones such as adrenaline and angiotensin II?

Minutes to hours
Seconds to minutes (correct)
Days to weeks
Hours to days

What is the mechanism by which hormone release is regulated in feedback systems?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between hormone and nervous system communication around the body?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of neurotransmitters in terms of their duration of action?

Milliseconds to seconds (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of action of the Sympathetic Nervous System?

Minutes to hours (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a local tissue factor that can influence neurotransmission?

Histamine (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do hormones differ from nervous system communication?

Hormones are slower, while nervous system communication is faster (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons are involved in the interplay in the CNS?

Dopaminergic, glutamatergic and cholinergic (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a neurotransmitter that is also a hormone?

Adrenaline (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of hormone-secreting cells?

In the endocrine glands (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of nervous system communication?

Often brief effects (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of autonomic control?

Heart rate (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of hormone communication?

Often maintained effects (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a motor nerve fiber?

To innervate multiple muscle fibers (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between hormone and nervous system communication?

Hormones have a slower onset of action, while the nervous system has a rapid onset of action (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of skeletal muscle?

Composed of multiple muscle fibers innervated by motor nerve fibers (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between hormones and neurotransmitters in terms of communication?

Hormones communicate with distant cells, while neurotransmitters communicate with adjacent cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of steroid hormones in the body?

Cholesterol (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands is not an endocrine gland?

Stomach (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of transport for water-soluble hormones in the bloodstream?

In solution in plasma (B) Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of hormones in the body?

Both neural and chemical stimuli, as well as other hormones (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of 'releasing hormones' in the body?

To regulate the release of other hormones (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of acetylcholine nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular junction?

To increase the conductance of Na+ ions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What determines the magnitude of effect of neurotransmitters?

The period of availability in the synapse and post-synaptic receptor availability (C) Signup and view all the answers

How is the amount of neurotransmitter available in the synapse regulated?

Through reuptake and degradation of the neurotransmitter (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system?

The type of receptors activated (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase in the neuromuscular junction?

To break down acetylcholine (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the autonomic nervous system regulate heart rate?

Through the release of acetylcholine, decreasing heart rate (D) Signup and view all the answers

Biologically Active Hormones

Only a small fraction (0.1-10%) of bound hormones are biologically active.

Hormone Action Mechanism

Hormones often trigger the production of intracellular compounds via second messengers.