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Questions and Answers
What is the largest system of the body?
The outer epidermis has a blood supply.
False
What type of tissue is found in the inner dermis?
Connective tissue
What are accessory structures of the skin?
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What does the term 'epidermis' refer to?
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What is the subcutaneous layer primarily composed of?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?
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Epidermis is an avascular stratified squamous epithelium.
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What is the role of keratinocytes?
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Thin skin covers most of the body and has only four layers of keratinocytes.
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What type of skin is found in areas with high amounts of friction?
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What is the stratum lucidum?
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What are epidermal ridges responsible for?
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The __________ is underneath the epidermis and is vascular.
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What type of glands secrete sebum?
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What causes cyanosis?
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Jaundice is characterized by a yellow color of the skin.
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What is Addison disease associated with?
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Vitamin D3 is important for __________ absorption.
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What are the two main types of sweat glands?
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What is the process of bone formation called?
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What are osteoblasts responsible for?
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The diaphysis is the __________ of the bone.
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What is the function of the periosteum?
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Osteoclasts promote bone formation.
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Study Notes
Integumentary System
- Integument is the largest system of the body.
- The outer epidermis is avascular and lacks a blood supply.
- The inner dermis consists of connective tissue.
- Accessory structures include hair, nails, and multicellular exocrine glands.
- Epidermis means "upon" dermis, indicating its position.
Skin Layers
- The subcutaneous layer is composed of fat and loose connective tissue.
- Skin functions: protection, excretion, temperature maintenance, Vitamin D3 synthesis, lipid storage, and sensory detection.
- Epidermis is avascular stratified squamous epithelium, having no blood supply.
- Keratinocytes synthesize keratin, forming a waterproof barrier.
Skin Types
- Thin skin has four layers of keratinocytes and covers most of the body.
- Thick skin, with five layers, is found in areas of high friction like palms and soles.
Epidermal Structure
- Stratum lucidum is a clear layer present only in thick skin.
- Stratum corneum is the outermost layer, water-resistant, and sheds every two weeks.
- Stratum granulosum is the grainy layer where cells stop dividing and start producing keratin.
- Stratum spinosum is the spiny layer that continues to divide.
- Stratum germinativum is where mitosis occurs.
Skin Features
- Epidermal ridges form fingerprints; dermal papillae strengthen the attachment between epidermis and dermis.
- Melanocytes provide skin pigment and protect against UV radiation.
- Insensible perspiration occurs without awareness; around 2 liters daily.
- Sensible perspiration is noticeable, such as sweating during exercise.
Skin Color and Conditions
- Dehydration can damage stratum corneum; hydration occurs from immersion in hypotonic solutions.
- Carotene is an orange-yellow pigment from foods like carrots; melanin varies in color (yellow/brown/black).
- Cyanosis results in bluish skin from decreased blood flow or oxygenation.
- Jaundice is yellowing of skin due to bile buildup; Addison disease causes skin darkening.
Vitamin D and Skin Repair
- Vitamin D3 is vital for calcium absorption and is synthesized in response to UV radiation.
- Calcitriol is derived from vitamin D3 by the liver and kidneys.
- Epidermal growth factor promotes the division of germ cells.
Dermis and its Components
- Dermis lies beneath the epidermis and is vascular (contains blood flow).
- Contains papillary layer with capillaries and a reticular layer for strength.
- Dermatitis signifies inflammation of the dermis, indicated by redness, heat, pain, and swelling.
Bone Types and Structure
- Long bones are found in arms and legs; flat bones resemble sandwiches and are found in the skull.
- Compact bone is dense, while spongy bone is lighter and less dense.
- Osteoprogenitor cells initiate healing; osteoblasts create new bone, while osteoclasts degrade bone.
Bone Formation and Remodeling
- Osteogenesis is the process of bone formation; ossification is the replacement of other tissues with bone.
- Endochondral ossification involves cartilage turning into bone, with six key stages.
- Bones receive blood supply from nutrient arteries, veins, and various vessel networks.
Skin Health and Injuries
- Skin repair involves mast cells triggering inflammation, scab formation, macrophage activity, and fibroblast repair.
- Keloids are raised scars from healed injuries.
- Burns: first-degree affects only the epidermis; second-degree impacts the epidermis and dermis; third-degree burns destroy all layers and may require grafts.
Overall Functions of the Integumentary System
- Provides support, protects organs, stores minerals and lipids, and facilitates blood cell production.
- Regulates temperature, perceives sensations, and is involved in metabolic processes.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of anatomy and physiology with these flashcards for Exam #2. This quiz covers key terms and definitions related to the integumentary system, including the skin layers and accessory structures. Perfect for students seeking to reinforce their understanding of human body systems.
