Questions and Answers
Which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds?
valence electrons
Are atoms of oxygen stable, and why or why not?
No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability.
Do carbon atoms likely react with other atoms, and why or why not?
Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so.
Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding?
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What characteristic of water is demonstrated when foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water?
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How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty pretzel?
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In plasma, a typical body fluid, what would protein floating around be considered?
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Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body?
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Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, a pH of 7, or a pH of 9?
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Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as?
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What is required for the formation of hydrogen bonds?
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Which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest?
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What distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds?
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Which of the following is not a result of hydrogen bonds?
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In a solution, the solute is the substance present in the greatest amount.
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What are salts?
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The pH scale __________.
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What is the classification of a solution with a pH of 8.3?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds
- Chemical bonds form through interactions of valence electrons.
- Oxygen atoms, having 8 electrons total, are unstable due to only having 6 valence electrons; stability requires 8.
- Carbon, with four valence electrons, is likely to react to achieve stability by bonding with other atoms.
Chemical Reactions and Water
- Atoms are not products of chemical bonding; they are the building blocks.
- Water serves as a reactant, helping to break down foods into building blocks through hydrolysis.
Solubility and Ionic Bonds
- Water dissolves substances like salt (NaCl) by acting as a solvent; the oxygen's partial negative charge attracts sodium, while hydrogen's partial positive charge attracts chloride, breaking the ionic bond.
Body Fluids and Electrolytes
- In body fluids like plasma, proteins are solutes, functioning as both colloids and electrolytes.
- Chloride is a significant anion found in body fluids, contributing to electrolyte balance.
pH Levels and Acidity
- A pH of 3 is more acidic compared to pH 7 and pH 9.
- The pH scale indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, providing insight into acidity or alkalinity.
Lipids and Hormones
- Cortisol, a lipid hormone and steroid, is synthesized from cholesterol, classifying it as a steroid lipid.
Chemical Bond Types
- Bonds rank in strength from strongest to weakest as: covalent, ionic, then hydrogen.
- Hydrogen bonds are unique as they form between molecules, diverging from covalent bonds which occur within molecules.
Solute and Salts
- In a solution, the solute is present in lesser amounts compared to the solvent, contrasting with the misconception that it is the greatest amount.
- Salts are defined as ions that contain a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH-; not all ions qualify as salts.
Summary of Solutions
- A solution with a pH of 8.3 is classified as alkaline, highlighting its basic nature.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 2 of A&P Chemistry. These cards focus on atomic structure, valence electrons, and chemical stability. Perfect for quick revision before your exam!
