A&P Chapter 1 Terms Flashcards

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What is anatomy?

the study of structure and form

What is physiology?

study of function of the body parts

What does microscope anatomy examine?

structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye

What is cytology?

the study of body cells and their internal structure Signup and view all the answers

What does histology study?

study of body tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is gross anatomy?

investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye Signup and view all the answers

What does systemic anatomy study?

the anatomy of each functional body system Signup and view all the answers

What is regional anatomy?

examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit Signup and view all the answers

What does surface anatomy focus on?

both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them Signup and view all the answers

What does comparative anatomy examine?

similarities and the differences in the anatomy of different species Signup and view all the answers

What is embryology concerned with?

developmental changes occurring from conception to birth Signup and view all the answers

What does pathologic anatomy examine?

anatomic changes resulting from disease Signup and view all the answers

What is radiographic anatomy?

investigates the relationships among internal structures visualized by specific scanning procedures Signup and view all the answers

What does cardiovascular physiology examine?

the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood Signup and view all the answers

What does neurophysiology examine?

how nerve impulses are propagated throughout the nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What does respiratory physiology explore?

the regulation of reproductive hormones and their influence on reproductive functions Signup and view all the answers

What is pathophysiology?

the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury Signup and view all the answers

What does organization refer to in biology?

all organisms exhibit a complex structure and order Signup and view all the answers

What is metabolism?

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism Signup and view all the answers

What is anabolism?

small molecules joined to form larger ones Signup and view all the answers

What is catabolism?

large molecules broken down into smaller ones Signup and view all the answers

What does responsiveness mean in an organism?

all organisms sense and respond to changes in their internal or external environment Signup and view all the answers

What is regulation in biological terms?

an organism must be able to adjust internal bodily function in response to environmental changes Signup and view all the answers

What is reproduction in biology?

all organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical level in biology?

atoms and molecules Signup and view all the answers

What are atoms?

smallest unit of matter Signup and view all the answers

What is a molecule?

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds Signup and view all the answers

What are macromolecules?

include proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid, which form specialized microscopic subunits in cells Signup and view all the answers

What are organelles?

subunits in cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the cellular level?

consists of cells which are the smallest living structures Signup and view all the answers

What does the tissue level consist of?

tissues, which are groups of similar cells that perform common functions Signup and view all the answers

What is epithelial tissue?

covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities Signup and view all the answers

What is connective tissue?

protects, supports, and binds structures and organs Signup and view all the answers

What do muscle tissues do?

produces movement Signup and view all the answers

What does nervous tissue do?

conducts nerve impulses for communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the organ level?

composed of organs Signup and view all the answers

What defines an organ?

contains two or more types of tissues Signup and view all the answers

What does the organism level refer to?

living person Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to be supine?

lying on the back, face up Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to be prone?

lying on stomach, face down Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position?

stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor, palms out Signup and view all the answers

What does superior mean?

toward the head Signup and view all the answers

What does inferior mean?

towards the feet Signup and view all the answers

What does anterior or ventral refer to?

same side of body Signup and view all the answers

What does posterior or dorsal refer to?

refer to backside Signup and view all the answers

What does medial mean?

middle of body Signup and view all the answers

What does lateral mean?

away from the midline Signup and view all the answers

What does intermediate mean?

between medial and lateral Signup and view all the answers

What does proximal mean?

closer to the point of attachment Signup and view all the answers

What does distal mean?

away from the point of attachment Signup and view all the answers

What does superficial mean?

near the surface Signup and view all the answers

What does deep mean?

away from the surface Signup and view all the answers

What are regional terms?

names for specific areas on the body Signup and view all the answers

What is a plane in anatomy?

imaginary cut going through body Signup and view all the answers

What does section refer to in anatomy?

to cut Signup and view all the answers

What is a sagittal plane?

A plane that divides the body into right and left portions Signup and view all the answers

What is a transverse plane?

Divides body into upper and lower parts Signup and view all the answers

What is a coronal or frontal plane?

divides body into front and back Signup and view all the answers

What does oblique mean in anatomical terms?

at an angle Signup and view all the answers

What are body cavities?

dorsal and ventral Signup and view all the answers

What does the dorsal cavity contain?

the brain and spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What does the cranial cavity house?

the brain Signup and view all the answers

What does the vertebral cavity house?

the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What does the ventral cavity refer to?

belly side Signup and view all the answers

What is the superior portion?

top half of body, thoracic cavity Signup and view all the answers

What does the pleural cavity contain?

lungs Signup and view all the answers

What does the pericardial cavity contain?

heart Signup and view all the answers

What is inbetween 2 body cavities?

diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

What is the inferior cavity?

bottom half of body, abdominopelvic Signup and view all the answers

What does the abdominal pelvic cavity include?

stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

bladder, uterus, rectum Signup and view all the answers

What is a membrane?

continuous layer of cells Signup and view all the answers

What does the parietal layer do?

lines the cavity walls Signup and view all the answers

What does the visceral layer do?

covers the organs surface Signup and view all the answers

What is serous fluid?

oily consistency for protection and lubrication between membrane layers Signup and view all the answers

What does the parietal pericardium line?

the pericardial cavity Signup and view all the answers

What does the parietal pleura line?

the walls of the thoracic cavity Signup and view all the answers

What does the parietal peritoneum line?

the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities Signup and view all the answers

What does the visceral pleura cover?

the surface of the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What does the visceral peritoneum cover?

organs Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

maintaining a relatively stable internal environment while external factors change Signup and view all the answers

What is an afferent pathway?

arriving: signal coming to brain Signup and view all the answers

What is an efferent pathway?

exiting: commands and info leaving brain Signup and view all the answers

What is a receptor?

A small area on the dendrite that receives the signal from the other neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is an effector?

an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What are negative feedback mechanisms?

opposed the initial change in the body, does the opposite Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of negative feedback mechanisms?

blood glucose levels, temperature regulation, blood pressure, control of blood volume Signup and view all the answers

What is a positive feedback loop?

feedback loop that causes a system to change further in the same direction Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of positive feedback?

blood clotting, labor contractions during childbirth, breastfeeding Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during blood clotting?

when blood vessels are damaged and bleeding occurs Signup and view all the answers

What is radiography?

uses x-rays to visualize internal structures Signup and view all the answers

What is a mammogram?

uses lower levels of radiation to image breast tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is a computed tomography (CT) scan?

used radiation; 3-D image is computer generated from data Signup and view all the answers

What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

body is placed within a magnetic field; computer compiled data producing a 3D image Signup and view all the answers

What is an ultrasound?

uses sound waves, computer compiles image Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology Terms

Anatomy: Study of structure and form of the body.
Physiology: Study of function of body parts.
Microscope Anatomy: Examines structures invisible to the naked eye.
Cytology: Study of body cells and their internal structure.
Histology: Study of body tissues.
Gross Anatomy: Investigates structures visible to the naked eye.
Systemic Anatomy: Studies anatomy of each functional body system.
Regional Anatomy: Examines all structures in a specific body region as a unit.
Surface Anatomy: Focuses on superficial markings and internal structures related to the skin.
Comparative Anatomy: Compares similarities and differences in anatomy across species.
Embryology: Studies developmental changes from conception to birth.
Pathologic Anatomy: Examines anatomical changes due to disease.
Radiographic Anatomy: Investigates relationships among internal structures using imaging techniques.

Physiological Terms

Cardiovascular Physiology: Examines the functioning of the heart and blood vessels.
Neurophysiology: Studies nerve impulse propagation throughout the nervous system.
Respiratory Physiology: Explores regulation of reproductive hormones and functions.
Pathophysiology: Investigates organ system function in relation to disease or injury.

Levels of Organization

Organization: All organisms show complex structure and order.
Metabolism: Sum of all chemical processes in an organism.
Anabolism: Process of smaller molecules joining to form larger ones.
Catabolism: Breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones.
Responsiveness: Ability of organisms to sense and respond to changes.
Regulation: Adjusting internal functions in response to environmental changes.
Reproduction: Production of new cells for growth and repair.

Structural Levels

Chemical Level: Involves atoms and molecules.
Cellular Level: Smallest living structures, cells.
Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells performing common functions.
Organ Level: Composed of organs, which have two or more tissue types.
Organ System Level: Includes organs working together (e.g., heart and blood vessels).
Organism Level: The whole living person.

Anatomical Terminology

Supine: Lying on the back, face up.
Prone: Lying on the stomach, face down.
Anatomical Position: Standing upright, feet parallel, palms facing out.
Superior: Toward the head.
Inferior: Toward the feet.
Anterior (Ventral): Front side.
Posterior (Dorsal): Back side.
Medial: Towards the middle.
Lateral: Away from the midline.
Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment.
Distal: Further from the point of attachment.
Superficial: Near the surface.
Deep: Away from the surface.

Body Cavities and Membranes

Dorsal Cavity: Contains brain and spinal cord.
Ventral Cavity: Includes thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Pleural Cavity: Houses lungs.
Pericardial Cavity: Houses the heart.
Abdominal Pelvic Cavity: Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys.
Pelvic Cavity: Contains bladder, uterus, rectum.
Parietal Layer: Lines cavity walls.
Visceral Layer: Covers organs' surfaces.
Serous Fluid: Provides lubrication between membrane layers.

Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms

Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Afferent Pathway: Signals arriving at the brain.
Efferent Pathway: Commands exiting the brain.
Receptor: Area on dendrites receiving signals.
Effector: Organ/cell acting in response to a stimulus.
Negative Feedback Mechanisms: Oppose initial body changes.
Positive Feedback Loop: Continues changes in the same direction until a specific outcome is achieved.

Imaging Techniques

Radiography: Uses x-rays for internal structure visualization.
Mammogram: Lower radiation imaging of breast tissue.
CT Scan: 3-D images generated from x-ray data.
MRI: Creates 3D images using magnetic fields.
Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to compile images.

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