Questions and Answers
What are organic compounds?
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
A compound that dissolves in water and is the decomposition of something in the presence of water.
What is a dehydration reaction?
Releases water.
What do oxidation-reduction reactions involve?
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What are anabolic reactions?
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What do catabolic reactions do?
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What is an exergonic reaction?
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What is an endergonic reaction?
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What properties make water essential to life on earth?
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What are enzymes?
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What makes up all living matter?
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Why is carbon considered the main element of life?
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What are hydrophilic compounds?
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What are hydrophobic compounds?
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In a reaction, what does (s) signify?
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In a reaction, what does (aq) signify?
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What does hydrolysis involve?
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What are ionic reactions?
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What happens during oxidation and reduction?
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How can the loss and gain of electrons be viewed?
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What do anabolism and catabolism describe?
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What is anabolism?
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What is catabolism?
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What do exergonic and endergonic reactions explain?
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What constitutes a water molecule?
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What are the two characteristics of water?
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What is activation energy?
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What role do enzymes play?
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Why does the catalase enzyme exist?
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If the free energy change of a reaction is greater than zero, what does this indicate?
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What does selectively permeable mean regarding the cell membrane?
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Water diffuses across what during osmosis?
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Study Notes
Organic Compounds
- Molecules that contain carbon, fundamental to life.
Hydrolysis Reaction
- Decomposes compounds in the presence of water; also dissolves in water.
Dehydration Reaction
- A process that releases water when molecules are formed.
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- Involve the transfer of electrons; oxidation is the gain, while reduction is the loss of electrons.
Anabolic Reactions
- Build larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy input.
Catabolic Reactions
- Break down larger molecules into smaller units, releasing energy.
Exergonic Reaction
- Energy-releasing processes, resulting in a net release of free energy.
Endergonic Reaction
- Energy-consuming processes that require an input of energy.
Properties of Water
- Polar nature allows for high surface tension (capillary action) and effective solvation; expands upon freezing.
Enzymes
- Proteins that lower activation energy, facilitating biochemical reactions by binding to substrates.
Composition of Living Matter
- Composed of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
Importance of Carbon
- Central element of life due to its ability to form a diverse range of organic compounds.
Hydrophilic Compounds
- Substances that readily dissolve and mix with water.
Hydrophobic Compounds
- Substances that do not dissolve in water; they repel water.
Reaction State Indicators
- (s) indicates a solid state; (aq) indicates an aqueous (water) state.
Hydrolysis Mechanism
- Involves water molecule donation, splitting into H+ and OH- to interact with different molecules.
Ionic Reactions
- Occur when one atom transfers an electron to another, resulting in charged ions.
Coupled Reactions
- Oxidation and reduction happen simultaneously during reactions.
Electron Transfer Observation
- Half reactions can be used to visualize the loss and gain of electrons.
Anabolism and Catabolism
- Processes that describe the use of oxidation-reduction reactions in biosynthesis and breakdown.
Anabolism Details
- Synthesis of complex materials from simpler substances (similar to reduction).
Catabolism Details
- Breakdown of complex materials into simpler components (similar to oxidation).
Energy Reactions
- Exergonic and endergonic reactions explain energy usage and generation in biological processes.
Water Molecule Structure
- Formed by two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom.
Characteristics of Water
- Sticky due to polar nature, allowing high surface tension; also a good solvent.
Activation Energy
- Minimum energy required for a reaction to occur, supplied from the environment.
Role of Enzymes
- Enzymes lower activation energy, facilitating natural molecular reactions.
Function of Catalase
- Enzyme prevalent in tissues, removes harmful hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from metabolism.
Free Energy and Reaction Spontaneity
- A reaction is nonspontaneous if the free energy change is greater than zero.
Selectively Permeable Membrane
- Cell membrane allows specific substances through while restricting others.
Water Diffusion
- Water moves through membranes via osmosis, from regions of low to high solute concentration.
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Prepare for the AP Biology exam with these flashcards covering key concepts in organic compounds, hydrolysis, dehydration, and redox reactions. Each card provides essential definitions to help reinforce your understanding of biological processes.