AP Biology Penguins Topic 5

Questions and Answers

What are the phases of meiosis I?

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I

What is the role of meiosis I?

Reduces the number of chromosomes by half

What are the phases of meiosis II?

Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

What is the role of meiosis II?

Separate sister chromatids Signup and view all the answers

Identify three differences between meiosis I and meiosis II.

Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes while meiosis II separates sister chromatids; meiosis I goes from diploid to haploid while meiosis II remains haploid; chromosomes cross over in prophase I but not in prophase II. Signup and view all the answers

Identify what part of meiosis results in the reduction of chromosome number.

Meiosis I Signup and view all the answers

What are the phases of mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis Signup and view all the answers

Describe each phase of mitosis.

Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; Metaphase: Chromosomes align in the middle; Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart; Telophase: Nuclear envelope re-forms; Cytokinesis: Daughter cells separate. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the daughter cells resulting from mitosis.

Identical to the parent cell Signup and view all the answers

Describe the daughter cells resulting from meiosis.

Different from the parent cell Signup and view all the answers

Identify three similarities between mitosis and meiosis.

Both make daughter cells, both separate chromosomes, both involve cytokinesis. Signup and view all the answers

Identify three differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis makes 2 new cells while meiosis makes 4; mitosis creates identical cells while meiosis creates unique cells; mitosis produces diploid cells while meiosis produces haploid cells. Signup and view all the answers

When do homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis?

Anaphase I Signup and view all the answers

How do homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase?

The spindle fibers pull them apart at the kinetochores Signup and view all the answers

How do daughter cells receive both maternal and paternal chromosomes?

Random assortment in meiosis I Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs during meiosis I that causes daughter cells to be haploid?

Anaphase I Signup and view all the answers

What is crossing over?

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

How does crossing over increase genetic diversity?

Crossing over exchanges genes making them unique. Signup and view all the answers

What is independent assortment?

Random distribution of homologous chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

How does independent assortment increase genetic diversity?

By making the cells not identical. Signup and view all the answers

What is random fertilization?

Any sperm can fuse with any egg Signup and view all the answers

How does random fertilization increase genetic diversity?

Because it is random, it is not always the same, making it diverse. Signup and view all the answers

What substances are the carriers of genetic information?

DNA Signup and view all the answers

What organisms have ribosomes?

All living organisms Signup and view all the answers

How does that demonstrate common ancestry?

They all have the same thing so they are similar which means that they once came from the same origin. Signup and view all the answers

How does a shared genetic code demonstrate common ancestry?

Genetics are passed on and can only be passed on and not created, so it is traceable to a common ancestry. Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic process do all organisms undergo which demonstrates common ancestry?

Cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the law of independent assortment?

Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other Signup and view all the answers

What is the law of segregation?

Allele pairs separate during gamete formation and randomly unite at fertilization Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected ratio of a monohybrid cross based on Mendel's laws?

3:1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected ratio of a dihybrid cross based on Mendel's laws?

9:3:3:1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of AaBbCCDd in a tetrahybrid cross?

1/32 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Meiosis Overview

Phases of meiosis I: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I.
Meiosis I reduces chromosome number by half, transitioning from diploid to haploid.
Phases of meiosis II: Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II.
Meiosis II separates sister chromatids and maintains haploid status.

Differences Between Meiosis I and II

Chromosome crossing over occurs in Prophase I but not in Prophase II.
Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes; Meiosis II separates sister chromatids.
Meiosis I results in haploid cells; Meiosis II results in haploid cells from haploid precursors.

Meiosis and Genetic Diversity

Anaphase I results in reduction of chromosome number.
Daughter cells from meiosis are genetically different from the parent cell due to crossing over and independent assortment.
Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, increasing genetic variability.
Independent assortment involves the random distribution of homologous chromosomes, contributing to genetic diversity.
Random fertilization allows for any sperm to fuse with any egg, further increasing genetic diversity.

Mitosis Overview

Phases of mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.
Daughter cells produced by mitosis are identical to the parent cell.

Comparisons of Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces 4 unique daughter cells.
Mitosis results in diploid cells; meiosis results in haploid cells.
Both processes involve the separation of chromosomes and cytokinesis.

Chromosomal Behavior During Meiosis

Homologous chromosomes separate during Anaphase I via spindle fibers pulling apart at the kinetochores.
Daughter cells receive both maternal and paternal chromosomes through random assortment in meiosis I.

Genetic Information and Evolution

DNA is the carrier of genetic information, present in all living organisms.
Ribosomes are found in all life forms, indicating a shared ancestry.
A shared genetic code and metabolic process (cellular respiration) demonstrate common ancestry.

Genetic Laws

The law of independent assortment states that genes for different traits are inherited independently.
The law of segregation indicates that allele pairs separate during gamete formation and unite randomly during fertilization.
Expected ratio of a monohybrid cross is 3:1.
Expected ratio of a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1.
The probability of genotype AaBbCCDd in a tetrahybrid cross is 1/32.

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Description

This quiz covers the key phases and roles of meiosis I and II, central concepts for understanding cellular division in biology. Perfect for AP Biology students preparing for exams. Use these flashcards to enhance your study and retention of these crucial biological processes.