AP Biology Chapter 4 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?

Lysosome (correct)

Chloroplast

Ribosome

Plasmodesma

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.

Fimbriae

What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?

Adhesion

Protection (correct)

DNA Storage

Protein Synthesis

Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?

Nucleoid Region Signup and view all the answers

In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?

Cell Wall Signup and view all the answers

The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.

Plasma Membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function?

Central Vacuole...Storage Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except

An endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells?

The need for sufficient surface area to support the cell's metabolic needs Signup and view all the answers

Beginning within the nucleus, the first step leading to the synthesis of a polypeptide is _____.

Transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell?

The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. Signup and view all the answers

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely

Producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?

Rough ER Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following statements about the endomembrane system is correct?

Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the endomembrane system. Signup and view all the answers

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?

Smooth ER Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

Smooth ER Signup and view all the answers

The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity?

All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function. Signup and view all the answers

Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. In animal cells, which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes?

Lysosome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?

Golgi Apparatus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes?

Lysosome Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?

Vacuole Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria are found in _____.

Plant and animal cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are common traits of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

Both have their own DNA. Signup and view all the answers

A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from

Nearly any eukaryotic organism. Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

Mitochondrion Signup and view all the answers

Which animal cell organelle contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen?

Peroxisome Signup and view all the answers

In a plant cell, DNA may be found

In the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Signup and view all the answers

The chemical reactions involved in respiration are virtually identical between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. In light of the endosymbiont theory for the evolutionary origin of mitochondria, where is most ATP synthesis likely to occur in prokaryotic cells?

On the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved

Endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell - the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these cell junctions form a barrier to the passage of materials?

Tight junctions Signup and view all the answers

The primary role of _____ is to bind animal cells together.

Desmosomes Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement describing cellular structure or function.

Plant and animal cells both carry out cellular respiration, producing ATP. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the correct statement about differences between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

The outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through

Gap junctions. Signup and view all the answers

_____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells.

Gap (communicating) junctions Signup and view all the answers

What do the cell walls of plants and the extracellular matrix of animal cells have in common?

They have functional connections with the cytoskeleton inside the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells?

Gap junctions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Organelles and Their Functions

Lysosome: Involved in intracellular digestion, containing hydrolytic enzymes that break down waste materials.
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis within a cell, present abundantly in cells producing proteins for secretion.
Chloroplast: Not found in animal cells, responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.
Fimbriae: Surface appendages on bacteria that allow attachment to surfaces.

Bacterial Cell Structure

Capsule: Provides protection to bacterial cells, aiding in their survival against environmental stresses.
Nucleoid Region: Area where bacterial DNA is located, devoid of a membrane-bound nucleus.
Cell Wall: A rigid structure providing support and shape to bacterial cells.

Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics

Endomembrane System: Comprises various membranes including the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Golgi apparatus, involved in protein and lipid synthesis and processing.
Nuclear Envelope: Composed of two membranes; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
Mitochondria: Known as the powerhouses of the cell, sites for ATP production and energy metabolism.

Genetic Information and Protein Synthesis

DNA to mRNA Transfer: The first step in polypeptide synthesis occurs in the nucleus where DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA.
Proteins: Synthesized either for use within the cell or for export; rough ER is specifically involved in the synthesis of proteins intended for secretion.

Organelles in Metabolism

Smooth ER: Involved in the synthesis of lipids, steroids, and detoxification processes.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and polysaccharides for secretion or use within the cell.

Cell Size and Function

Surface Area to Volume Ratio: Limits cell size; cells must maintain sufficient surface area to meet metabolic demands.
Free Ribosomes: Indicate the production of cytoplasmic proteins, not destined for export.

Cellular Connections and Communication

Tight Junctions: Create barriers to material passage between cells, maintaining distinct tissue environments.
Gap Junctions: Allow direct communication and transfer of ions between adjacent animal cells, facilitating coordinated activities.

Distinguishing Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Characteristics: Lack of organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum; bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus or complex organelles.
Eukaryotic Traits: More complex with membrane-bound organelles responsible for specific cellular functions.

Evolutionary Perspectives

Endosymbiotic Theory: Suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotes that entered into a symbiotic relationship with ancestral eukaryotic cells.

Cellular Structures and Their Shared Functions

Plasmodesmata in Plants vs. Gap Junctions in Animals: Both facilitate cell communication and transport of materials across adjacent cells.
Extracellular Matrix and Plant Cell Walls: Provide structural support while allowing for communication with the cell's cytoskeleton.

Key Concepts in Cellular Respiration and Energy

ATP Synthesis: Primarily occurs in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells, with prokaryotic cells synthesizing ATP on the plasma membrane.
Hydrolytic Enzymes: Found in lysosomes, crucial for breaking down cellular components and waste.

These notes encapsulate the vital functions and structures of cellular organelles while drawing comparisons between different cell types, aiding in understanding the fundamental concepts of cellular biology.

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Test your knowledge of cell structures and their functions with these flashcards from AP Biology Chapter 4. This quiz covers essential organelles and their roles in cellular processes, ensuring you are well-prepared for your AP exam.