Questions and Answers
What is a heritable feature that varies among individuals called?
What is a particular variant for a character?
trait
What do you call plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate?
true-breeding
What is the term for the mating or crossing of two true-breeding varieties?
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What is the parental generation called?
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What is the first filial generation derived from the P generation known as?
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What do you call the second filial generation that comes from the self-pollination of the F1 generation?
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What are the alternative versions of a gene called?
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What is the allele that determines the organism's appearance if two alleles at a locus differ?
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What is the allele that has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance if two alleles at a locus differ?
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What is the law that states the two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation?
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What is the diagrammatic device used for predicting allele composition of offspring called?
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What does it mean for an organism to be homozygous?
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What do you call two different alleles for a gene?
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What is the observable trait from the genetic makeup known as?
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What is the genetic makeup of a trait called?
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What is the breeding of an organism of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote called?
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What does it mean to be monohybrid?
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What is the term for being heterozygous for two characters?
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What principle states each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation?
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What is the phenomenon where the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable?
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What is it called when the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele?
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What is the term for phenotypes of both alleles being exhibited in the heterozygote?
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What inherited disorder occurs when brain cells cannot metabolize certain lipids due to an enzyme malfunction?
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What term describes genes that have multiple phenotypic effects?
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What refers to the alteration of phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus by a gene at one locus?
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What type of characters vary continuously over a range?
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What is the term for the additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character?
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What describes the phenotypic range produced by a single genotype due to environmental factors?
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What is it called when many factors, both genetic and environmental, collectively influence phenotype?
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What is a family tree that shows the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring called?
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What do you call heterozygotes that transmit the recessive allele to their offspring?
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What human genetic disorder is caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein?
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What human genetic disease is caused by a recessive allele resulting in the substitution of a single amino acid in hemoglobin?
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What degenerative nervous system disease is caused by a lethal dominant allele?
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Study Notes
Genetics Terminology
- Character: A heritable feature that can vary among individuals, such as flower color in plants.
- Trait: A specific variant or form of a character, like blue or red flowers.
- True-breeding: Plants that consistently produce offspring identical to themselves when self-pollinating.
Generational Concepts
- P generation: The parental generation that consists of true-breeding individuals.
- F1 generation: The first filial generation resulting from the cross of the P generation; all hybrids.
- F2 generation: Offspring from the self-pollination of F1 individuals, exhibiting a mix of traits.
Alleles and Genetics
- Alleles: Different versions of a gene that can exist at a given locus.
- Dominant allele: An allele that expresses its phenotype even when heterozygous with a recessive allele.
- Recessive allele: An allele that does not affect the organism's appearance unless in a homozygous condition.
Key Genetic Laws and Tools
- Law of Segregation: During gamete formation, alleles for a trait separate into different gametes.
- Punnett square: A diagrammatic method for predicting the genetic outcomes of a cross between two individuals.
Genotype and Phenotype
- Homozygous: Having identical alleles for a particular gene.
- Heterozygous: Carrying two different alleles for a gene.
- Phenotype: The observable physical expression of a trait.
- Genotype: The underlying genetic constitution responsible for a trait.
Genetic Crosses
- Testcross: A method to determine unknown genotype by crossing with a recessive homozygote.
- Monohybrid: An organism that is heterozygous for one character.
- Dihybrid: An organism that is heterozygous for two characters.
Laws of Inheritance
- Law of Independent Assortment: Allele pairs segregate independently during gamete formation, affecting multiple traits.
- Complete dominance: The phenotype of a heterozygote appears the same as the dominant homozygote.
- Incomplete dominance: The heterozygote exhibits a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygotes.
- Codominance: Both alleles in a heterozygote manifest distinct traits.
Genetic Disorders and Concepts
- Tay-Sachs disease: A hereditary condition where brain cells fail to metabolize specific lipids due to enzyme deficiency.
- Pleiotropy: A single gene may affect multiple phenotypic traits.
- Epistasis: A gene's expression at one locus can influence the expression at another locus.
Phenotypic Variability
- Quantitative characters: Traits that display a range of variations and are influenced by multiple genes.
- Polygenic inheritance: A single phenotypic character is influenced by multiple genes.
- Norm of reaction: The range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype under varying environmental conditions.
- Multifactorial traits: Traits influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors.
Family Genetic Studies
- Pedigree: A diagram illustrating genetic inheritance patterns across generations in a family.
- Carriers: Individuals who are heterozygous for a recessive allele and can pass it to offspring.
Notable Genetic Disorders
- Cystic fibrosis: A disorder caused by a recessive allele affecting chloride channel function.
- Sickle-cell disease: A genetic condition from a recessive allele causing abnormal hemoglobin production.
- Huntington's disease: A degenerative neurological disorder inherited through a dominant allele, showing symptoms later in life (ages 35-45).
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards from AP Biology Chapter 14. This quiz covers key terms related to genetic traits, including definitions and concepts that are essential for understanding inheritance patterns. Perfect for review before exams!
