Aortic Aneurysms Overview

<p>Deep diffuse chest pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extravascular hematoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrocardiogram (ECG) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control hypertension and other risk factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laparoscopic technique (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased venous return (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False aneurysm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensuring hydration, stabilizing electrolytes and coagulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coughing and shortness of breath (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Computed Tomography (CT) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aneurysms are typically diagnosed after the onset of severe symptoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluids containing normal saline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No more than 10 seconds; monitor O2 saturations and EKG (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphine sulfate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indigestion or epigastric discomfort (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suctioning for over 10 seconds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Femur Fracture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Needle decompression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid stabilization of the patient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4ml LR per kg of body weight per % of total body surface area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged immobility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Establishing airway, breathing, and circulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated lactic acid levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurogenic shock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease in HCO3– levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pH &gt; 7.45, HCO3– normal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CPP = MAP - ICP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pH below 7.35, PaCO2 increase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PaCO2 increases as pH decreases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HCO3– levels increase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assist-control ventilation (ACV) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pH decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate brainstem function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An abnormal localized dilation of a blood vessel or wall of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asymptomatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ascending aorta/aortic arch aneurysm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterior rupture, posterior rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type A &amp; Type B</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medical management, pain management, surgical management</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An abnormal localized dilation of a blood vessel or wall of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tear in the inner layer of the aorta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple and tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paradoxical chest movement, decreased vital capacity, atelectasis, dysrhythmias, decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Needle decompression, followed by a chest tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chest tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffuse and focal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A contusion is a bruise on the brain, while a concussion is a temporary disruption of brain function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A coup-contrecoup injury occurs when the brain moves inside the skull due to high-energy or high-impact trauma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Headaches, dizziness, difficulty speaking, blurry vision, trouble hearing, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, behavioral changes, and mood swings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Get enough sleep, write things down, establish a routine, check in with a trusted person when making decisions, avoid alcohol, avoid caffeine, and avoid medications that may make symptoms worse</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paradoxical chest movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deceleration injuries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Time of day the accident occurs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tamponade (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty concentrating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Establish a regular daily routine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased anger and frustration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty making decisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taking up a hobby or recreational activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol consumption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty speaking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Writing things down or using electronic reminders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic acidosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concussion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blast injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rhabdomyolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coup-contrecoup injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symptom overlap with PTSD (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An abnormal widening of the aorta, a major blood vessel.

Most common type, usually affects men over 65.

True (within the arterial wall) or False (outside the wall), and dissecting (tear in the wall).

Age (65-75), smoking, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and genetics.

Usually deep, diffuse chest pain, possibly radiating to the back.

Includes imaging tests like X-rays, ultrasounds, CT scans, to visualize the aorta.

Managing blood pressure, quitting smoking, and addressing other risk factors.

Repairing the weakened aorta via open or minimally invasive surgery.

An abnormal localized dilation or widening of the aorta, a major blood vessel in the body.

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA), affecting mostly older males over 65.

Age (over 65), smoking, high blood pressure (HTN), atherosclerosis (plaque buildup), and genetics play a role.

Aneurysms where the bulging occurs within the wall of the blood vessel or heart, forming two types: fusiform (uniform shape) and saccular (pouch-like).

When a blood vessel wall tears, creating a blood-filled pocket (hematoma) that pulsates, also called a pseudoaneurysm.

Deep, diffuse chest pain, often radiating to the back.

Rupture, causing bleeding into the surrounding tissues and potentially leading to life-threatening situations.

Medical management involves controlling risk factors, while surgical repair (open or minimally invasive) is employed for larger or symptomatic aneurysms.

Chest pain that occurs at rest or with minimal exertion. It is often described as severe and doesn't improve with rest.

Minerals that carry an electrical charge when dissolved in body fluids. They play crucial roles in maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, muscle contraction, and heart rhythm.

A device inserted into the aorta to assist the heart by increasing coronary blood flow and decreasing afterload.

A significant amount of blood loss can occur with a broken femur, up to 1,276 mL, due to the large blood vessels in the thigh.

A condition where increased pressure within a muscle compartment of the leg restricts blood flow.

Breakdown of muscle tissue that releases myoglobin and other harmful substances into the bloodstream.

A dangerous complication of spinal cord injury, where the body's autonomic nervous system malfunctions, causing a sudden surge in blood pressure and a range of symptoms.

Immediate care is crucial to limit further damage to the spinal cord after an injury.

Diabetic ketoacidosis, a serious complication of diabetes characterized by high blood sugar, ketones in the urine, and acidosis (too much acid in the blood).

A condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to increased metabolism, rapid heartbeat, and other symptoms.

A life-threatening condition where the aorta, the main blood vessel in the body, ruptures behind the abdominal cavity.

Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) scan, an ultrasound used to detect internal bleeding, especially in the abdomen (hemoperitoneum).

Elevated potassium (hyperkalemia) is treated with medications like calcium gluconate, bicarbonate, insulin, glucose, kayexalate, and sometimes dialysis.

Measuring and assessing the body's circulatory function, including blood pressure, heart rate, and blood flow, to determine how well the heart is pumping and how well the blood is circulating.

The amount of blood the heart pumps out per minute, reflecting the effectiveness of the heart's pumping action.

A measure of cardiac output adjusted for body size, providing a more accurate assessment across different individuals.

The volume of blood pumped out by the left ventricle with each heartbeat, indicating the heart's strength.

The resistance the heart has to pump against in the systemic circulation, indicating the narrowing of blood vessels.

The pressure needed to ensure adequate blood flow to the brain, a vital measure for brain health.

The pressure inside the skull, reflecting the pressure exerted by the brain, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid.

A narrowing or constriction of the blood vessels in the brain, reducing blood flow and potentially leading to stroke or other neurological issues.

Complete and irreversible cessation of all brain function, characterized by unresponsiveness, lack of reflexes, and absence of brain activity on tests.

Ischemic stroke happens when a blood clot blocks an artery, causing a lack of blood flow to the brain. Hemorrhagic stroke happens when a blood vessel ruptures and bleeds into the brain.

Stroke caused by a blood clot blocking an artery, leading to lack of blood flow to the brain.

Stroke caused by a blood vessel rupture, leading to bleeding in the brain.

Pressure maintained in the lungs at the end of each breath to keep airways open.

Mechanical ventilation where the patient initiates breaths, and the ventilator assists to deliver a set volume of air.

Mechanical ventilation where the ventilator delivers breaths at set intervals, synchronized with the patient's attempts to breathe.

Ventilator provides additional pressure during inspiration to aid in breathing.

Ventilator delivers a preset pressure, allowing variable tidal volumes depending on patient effort.

Constant pressure delivered through a mask to keep airways open during sleep, used for sleep apnea.

Ventilation without intubation, using masks or helmets to deliver pressurized air.

Sedatives used to calm and relax patients, with antidote flumazenil (Romazicon).

Sedative with dose-related effects, producing deep sedation at higher doses.

Neuromuscular blocking agent that paralyzes muscles, used for intubation and mechanical ventilation.

Test that measures the acidity, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, reflecting respiratory and metabolic function.

In ABG interpretation, respiratory changes have opposite effects on pH and PaCO2.

In ABG interpretation, metabolic changes have the same effects on pH and HCO3.

High PaCO2 (carbon dioxide) build-up in blood, leading to low pH (acidic).

Low HCO3 (bicarbonate) levels in blood, leading to low pH (acidic).

Low PaCO2 (carbon dioxide) levels in blood, leading to high pH (alkaline).

High HCO3 (bicarbonate) levels in blood, leading to high pH (alkaline).

Swollen veins in the esophagus, often caused by liver disease, that can bleed easily.

Brain dysfunction caused by high ammonia levels due to liver failure, leading to confusion and coma.

HHS (Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State) and DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis) are both serious complications of diabetes, but HHS is characterized by extreme high blood glucose and dehydration, while DKA has high ketones in the urine and acidosis.

Treatment for high potassium levels, including medications like calcium gluconate, bicarb, insulin, glucose, kayexalate, and sometimes dialysis.

Chronic kidney disease involves a gradual loss of kidney function over time, while acute kidney injury is a sudden and severe decline in kidney function.

Heart attack, caused by a blockage in a coronary artery, leading to damage to the heart muscle.

Chest pain, radiating to neck, jaw, arm, tightness or discomfort, shortness of breath, cold sweat, weakness, nausea, vomiting.

Aspirin, nitrates, morphine sulfate, antidysrhythmics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers.

Stable angina is chest pain that occurs with exertion and resolves with rest, while unstable angina is chest pain that occurs at rest or minimal exertion and worsens.

Removal of secretions from the airway using a suction catheter, performed every 2-4 hours and PRN.

Air that escapes from the lung into the space between the lung and chest wall, collapsing the lung.

A systematic approach to trauma care, addressing airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure, facilitate adjuncts, and get resuscitation adjuncts.

Fluid replacement is crucial for burn victims to replenish lost fluid and maintain circulation.

Treatment for burn victims includes medications, infection control, wound care, pain management, and nutritional support.

Suffocation caused by immersion in liquid, leading to lack of oxygen and potentially cardiac arrest.

A narrowing or constriction of the blood vessels in the brain, reducing blood flow and potentially leading to stroke or other neurological issues.

Ischemic stroke happens when a blood clot blocks an artery, causing a lack of blood flow to the brain. Hemorrhagic stroke happens when a blood vessel ruptures and bleeds into the brain.

An injury caused by a heavy object pressing on the body, often leading to damage to muscles, bones, and blood vessels.

A protein found in muscle tissue that helps with oxygen transport.

A condition where the kidneys are unable to filter waste products and maintain fluid balance.

An injury to the brain caused by a sudden, forceful impact, such as a car accident or a fall.

A mild form of TBI characterized by a brief loss of consciousness, confusion, and other symptoms.

A severe TBI involving widespread damage to nerve fibers in the brain.

Bruising of the brain tissue, which can cause focal neurological deficits.

Brain injury caused by a forceful impact that causes the brain to move within the skull, resulting in damage at the point of impact and on the opposite side.

A break or crack in the bone that encases the brain.

A state of increased metabolism often seen in response to trauma or illness.

A condition where multiple ribs are broken, leading to a section of the chest wall moving in the opposite direction during breathing.

A pneumothorax where the air is escaping through an open wound in the chest wall.

A type of pneumothorax where air is trapped in the chest cavity, causing pressure to build and collapse the lung.

A condition where fluid accumulates around the heart, restricting its ability to beat efficiently.

An ultrasound exam used to quickly assess for internal bleeding in the abdomen.

An injury that occurs when a moving object suddenly comes to a stop, causing damage to tissues and organs.

A bruise across the abdomen caused by a seat belt during a car accident.

A fracture where the bone breaks through the skin.

A break in the pelvic bone, which can be stable or unstable.

A tear in the diaphragm muscle, which separates the chest cavity from the abdomen.

A tear in the bladder, which can cause urine to leak into the abdominal cavity.

Tears in major blood vessels, such as the aorta or vena cava, which can cause severe bleeding.

Adequate nutrition is crucial for healing and recovery in critically injured patients.

The process by which the body repairs damaged tissues.

A mental health condition that can develop after experiencing a traumatic event.

Situations, sounds, or smells that can bring back memories of a traumatic event.

Problems with thinking, learning, and memory. This can include difficulty concentrating, remembering things, making decisions, and following conversations.

Changes in mood, behavior, and personality. This can include becoming easily angry or frustrated, acting impulsively, and having difficulty controlling emotions.

Strategies for coping with TBI symptoms include getting enough sleep, establishing routines, using reminders, avoiding alcohol and caffeine, recognizing triggers, and seeking support from others.

The body's metabolism increases after a TBI, requiring more energy for healing and recovery.

Adequate nutrition is vital for TBI healing and recovery. It supports tissue repair, energy production, and overall health.

Sources of information for research and learning. Examples include books, journal articles, and online resources.

A serious condition resulting from air trapped in the chest cavity, compressing the lung and putting pressure on the heart and other structures.

A condition where multiple ribs are broken, leading to a section of the chest wall moving in the opposite direction during breathing.

A Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) scan is an ultrasound used to quickly check for internal bleeding in the abdomen.

Injuries caused by a sudden stop of a moving object causing damage to tissues and organs.

A condition where increased pressure within a muscle compartment of the leg restricts blood flow and damages tissues.

Unstable injuries are caused by blood loss, intrabdominal injury like trauma to the abdominal organs, or by a crush injury that causes damage to muscles and blood vessels.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition where the body's response to infection causes widespread inflammation and organ damage. Symptoms include fever, rapid heart rate, rapid breathing, low blood pressure, and confusion.

Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of muscle tissue, releasing myoglobin and other substances into the bloodstream which can damage the kidneys.

Prolonged immobility can cause crush injuries because it restricts blood flow and increases pressure within the affected area, leading to muscle breakdown and damage.

Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs) can be classified as Diffuse injury, Focal injury, or Skull fracture. Diffuse injury can be a concussion or a diffuse axonal injury. Focal injury includes contusions and coup-contrecoup injuries.

TBI can lead to various complications such as motor and sensory deficits, communication issues, memory and intellectual functioning problems, nutritional problems, bowel and bladder management issues, seizure disorders, mental and emotional difficulties, and progressive recovery.

In military personnel, TBI symptoms often overlap with PTSD because both are caused by trauma and have shared symptoms. Many people with TBIs also develop PTSD.

A concussion is a mild form of TBI characterized by a brief loss of consciousness, confusion, and other symptoms.