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What is a defining characteristic of performance anxiety as described?
What is a defining characteristic of performance anxiety as described?
What does high interceptive awareness indicate in individuals with anxiety disorders?
What does high interceptive awareness indicate in individuals with anxiety disorders?
Which of the following statements best describes the cognitive model of anxiety?
Which of the following statements best describes the cognitive model of anxiety?
What is the relationship between panic disorder (PD) and its familial influence?
What is the relationship between panic disorder (PD) and its familial influence?
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Which treatment method is commonly used for anxiety disorders?
Which treatment method is commonly used for anxiety disorders?
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What is the main purpose of exposure and ritual prevention in treating OCD?
What is the main purpose of exposure and ritual prevention in treating OCD?
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What characterizes panic disorder?
What characterizes panic disorder?
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Which strategy is crucial for developing problem-solving skills in anxious patients?
Which strategy is crucial for developing problem-solving skills in anxious patients?
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What is a primary characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
What is a primary characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
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What role does relaxation play in managing anxiety?
What role does relaxation play in managing anxiety?
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Which of the following is an example of 'covert avoidance' in agoraphobia?
Which of the following is an example of 'covert avoidance' in agoraphobia?
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Which technique promotes physical relaxation to combat anxiety?
Which technique promotes physical relaxation to combat anxiety?
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What is a common misconception about anxiety symptoms in the context of problem-solving?
What is a common misconception about anxiety symptoms in the context of problem-solving?
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What role does compulsive behavior play in the context of operant conditioning according to behavioral theories?
What role does compulsive behavior play in the context of operant conditioning according to behavioral theories?
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How do cognitive behavioural theories explain the persistence of obsessions?
How do cognitive behavioural theories explain the persistence of obsessions?
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What is the main goal of Exposure and Ritual Prevention (ERP) in treating OCD?
What is the main goal of Exposure and Ritual Prevention (ERP) in treating OCD?
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Which statement accurately reflects the experience of individuals with PTSD regarding their traumatic memories?
Which statement accurately reflects the experience of individuals with PTSD regarding their traumatic memories?
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What is one of the key criteria for diagnosing PTSD according to the DSM-5?
What is one of the key criteria for diagnosing PTSD according to the DSM-5?
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In the context of PTSD, what can internal or external cues trigger in an individual?
In the context of PTSD, what can internal or external cues trigger in an individual?
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How can maladaptive coping strategies like neutralization affect obsessions in individuals?
How can maladaptive coping strategies like neutralization affect obsessions in individuals?
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Which of the following actions does NOT contribute to the development of compulsions according to behavioral theories?
Which of the following actions does NOT contribute to the development of compulsions according to behavioral theories?
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What is the primary action of SSRIs in treating depression?
What is the primary action of SSRIs in treating depression?
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What is a common concern associated with ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)?
What is a common concern associated with ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)?
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Which type of medication is typically used to manage bipolar disorder over a long period?
Which type of medication is typically used to manage bipolar disorder over a long period?
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What is the main focus of IPT (interpersonal therapy) in treating depression?
What is the main focus of IPT (interpersonal therapy) in treating depression?
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How do SSNRIs differ from SSRIs?
How do SSNRIs differ from SSRIs?
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What aspect of cognitive therapy is emphasized for managing bipolar disorder?
What aspect of cognitive therapy is emphasized for managing bipolar disorder?
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What is the primary aim of behavioural activation in CBT for depression?
What is the primary aim of behavioural activation in CBT for depression?
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Which type of therapy targets family involvement in the treatment of bipolar disorder?
Which type of therapy targets family involvement in the treatment of bipolar disorder?
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What is a key component of rTMS (repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation) as a treatment?
What is a key component of rTMS (repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation) as a treatment?
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What aspect of bipolar disorder is primarily addressed by IPSRT (interpersonal and social rhythm therapy)?
What aspect of bipolar disorder is primarily addressed by IPSRT (interpersonal and social rhythm therapy)?
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What is a significant risk factor for increased vulnerability to depression as outlined in the biopsychosocial theory?
What is a significant risk factor for increased vulnerability to depression as outlined in the biopsychosocial theory?
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According to Beck's cognitive model, negative appraisals are likely to lead to what emotional response?
According to Beck's cognitive model, negative appraisals are likely to lead to what emotional response?
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Which cognitive distortion involves an overly generalized conclusion from one event?
Which cognitive distortion involves an overly generalized conclusion from one event?
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In the hopelessness model, what type of attribution do depressed individuals typically make following negative events?
In the hopelessness model, what type of attribution do depressed individuals typically make following negative events?
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What behavior is characteristic of individuals prone to depression in the context of their interpersonal relationships?
What behavior is characteristic of individuals prone to depression in the context of their interpersonal relationships?
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Which statement best describes the relationship between interpersonal relationships and depression?
Which statement best describes the relationship between interpersonal relationships and depression?
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What aspect does the stress generation hypothesis suggest about individuals with depression?
What aspect does the stress generation hypothesis suggest about individuals with depression?
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What is considered an effective treatment for managing daily rhythms in bipolar disorder?
What is considered an effective treatment for managing daily rhythms in bipolar disorder?
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Which cognitive bias is characterized by interpreting everything negatively based on current feelings?
Which cognitive bias is characterized by interpreting everything negatively based on current feelings?
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What concept explains why negative schemas may persist until activated by a stress event?
What concept explains why negative schemas may persist until activated by a stress event?
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What is a primary characteristic of anxiety sensitivity in relation to panic disorder?
What is a primary characteristic of anxiety sensitivity in relation to panic disorder?
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According to the alarm theory of panic, what activates the alarm system when a person perceives a threat?
According to the alarm theory of panic, what activates the alarm system when a person perceives a threat?
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Which cognitive theory posits that worry serves as a method to avoid physiological arousal?
Which cognitive theory posits that worry serves as a method to avoid physiological arousal?
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What factor is considered a significant risk for the development of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
What factor is considered a significant risk for the development of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
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What maintains anxiety according to the two-factor theory of fear development?
What maintains anxiety according to the two-factor theory of fear development?
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What evidence supports the idea that certain fears may be biologically predisposed rather than learned?
What evidence supports the idea that certain fears may be biologically predisposed rather than learned?
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Which neurotransmitter is commonly linked to Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) due to receptor deficiency?
Which neurotransmitter is commonly linked to Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) due to receptor deficiency?
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What is the goal of cognitive restructuring in treating anxiety disorders?
What is the goal of cognitive restructuring in treating anxiety disorders?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of exposure therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a component of exposure therapy?
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What role does disgust sensitivity play in the development of specific phobias?
What role does disgust sensitivity play in the development of specific phobias?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding panic attacks?
Which of the following statements is true regarding panic attacks?
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What is one key aspect of cognitive theories related to anxiety disorders?
What is one key aspect of cognitive theories related to anxiety disorders?
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According to integrated models, which combination of factors contributes to the risk of anxiety disorders?
According to integrated models, which combination of factors contributes to the risk of anxiety disorders?
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What does systematic desensitization aim to achieve in anxiety treatment?
What does systematic desensitization aim to achieve in anxiety treatment?
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Study Notes
Anxiety Disorders
- Four types of anxiety symptoms, three components of emotion
- Physiological/somatic symptoms: autonomic responses (e.g., heart rate, shaking, GI distress, muscle tension, pupil dilation, breathing)
- Cognitive symptoms: alterations in thoughts (e.g., worries, sense of loss of control) during emotional experiences
- Behavioral symptoms: consequences of emotions/thoughts (e.g., avoidance behaviors, coping mechanisms like substance use)
- Adaptive fear vs. maladaptive anxiety
- Anxiety: future-oriented affective state of feeling threatened by a future event
- Fear: present-oriented primitive emotion, response to imminent threat
- Adaptive fear: proportionate response to an identifiable, objective, current threat, necessary for survival. Physiological response to trigger danger.
- Maladaptive anxiety: unrealistic fear, disproportionate to threat, persists in the absence of the threat.
- Key features of DSM-5 anxiety disorders
- Panic Disorder (PD)
- Panic attacks: sudden, intense fear episodes with physical symptoms (e.g., heart palpitations, shortness of breath, sweating). Heightened severity within minutes.
- May be associated with other anxiety disorders, but in PD attacks are unexpected.
- Four criteria: 10 physical + 3 psychological (derealization or depersonalization, loss of control, going crazy, fear of dying). 4/13 are required.
- Prevalence: 1.5-3%
- Agoraphobia
- Fear of places where escape is difficult or panic-like symptoms may arise where help is unavailable.
- Diagnosis when avoidance is persistent and pervasive.
- Often comorbid with PD.
- DSM-5 criteria: 1. Marked fear of 2 or more situations (e.g., public transportation, open spaces, enclosed spaces, standing in crowds, being outside of home alone).
- Fear of not being able to escape.
- Situations provoke fear.
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- Situations are avoided.
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- Fear is out of proportion.
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- Excessive, uncontrollable worry for most days over 6 months.
- Symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbances.
- 9% of population
- Specific Phobias
- Marked fear of a specific object or situation leading to avoidance behaviour.
- Fear is out of proportion to the actual danger.
- Four Criteria: 1. Marked fear of specific object/situation, 2. Phobic object always provokes fear, 3. Situation avoided or endured with anxiety, 4. Fear out of proportion (unreasonable), 5. Impairment/distress interferes with everyday function, 6. Persistent >6 months.
- Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)
- Fear/anxiety in social situations out of proportion. Often aware but continues to avoid.
- Panic Disorder (PD)
Other Disorders
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Panic Attacks
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PTSD
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Acute stress disorder
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Description
Explore the various types of anxiety symptoms, including physiological, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions. Understand the differences between adaptive fear and maladaptive anxiety, including their implications for mental health. Additionally, learn key features of DSM-5 anxiety disorders.