Anxiety Disorders Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a defining characteristic of performance anxiety as described?

  • It occurs only when alone.
  • It results from substance use.
  • It is restricted to speaking or performing in public. (correct)
  • It is not associated with any medical condition.

What does high interceptive awareness indicate in individuals with anxiety disorders?

  • Low awareness of bodily sensations.
  • A tendency to avoid bodily sensations.
  • A complete misinterpretation of environmental cues.
  • Increased awareness of bodily changes. (correct)

Which of the following statements best describes the cognitive model of anxiety?

  • Cognitive restructuring eliminates the need for exposure therapy.
  • Anxiety arises only from external threats.
  • Misinterpretation of bodily symptoms can lead to increased anxiety. (correct)
  • Only biological factors contribute to anxiety disorders.

What is the relationship between panic disorder (PD) and its familial influence?

<p>Having relatives with PD increases the likelihood of developing it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment method is commonly used for anxiety disorders?

<p>Cognitive behavioural group therapy (CBGT). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of exposure and ritual prevention in treating OCD?

<p>To promote abstinence from rituals that reinforce obsessions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes panic disorder?

<p>Fear of experiencing panic attacks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is crucial for developing problem-solving skills in anxious patients?

<p>Constructively addressing and dealing with problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

<p>Persistent worry about various aspects of life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does relaxation play in managing anxiety?

<p>It helps directly reduce anxious arousal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of 'covert avoidance' in agoraphobia?

<p>Distracting oneself while facing fear-provoking situations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique promotes physical relaxation to combat anxiety?

<p>Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about anxiety symptoms in the context of problem-solving?

<p>All problems should be avoided to prevent anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does compulsive behavior play in the context of operant conditioning according to behavioral theories?

<p>It acts as a negative reinforcement for distress anxiety associated with obsessions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cognitive behavioural theories explain the persistence of obsessions?

<p>They propose that engaging in compulsions strengthens irrational beliefs. (B), They indicate that high responsibility for thoughts leads to catastrophic misinterpretations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of Exposure and Ritual Prevention (ERP) in treating OCD?

<p>To alter faulty appraisals and beliefs by preventing avoidance and compulsions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the experience of individuals with PTSD regarding their traumatic memories?

<p>They re-experience the trauma as if it is occurring in the present. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key criteria for diagnosing PTSD according to the DSM-5?

<p>The individual must experience intense fear or helplessness related to the trauma. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of PTSD, what can internal or external cues trigger in an individual?

<p>Emotional and physiological distress. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can maladaptive coping strategies like neutralization affect obsessions in individuals?

<p>They can increase the frequency of obsessional thoughts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions does NOT contribute to the development of compulsions according to behavioral theories?

<p>Learning to confront distressing situations directly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of SSRIs in treating depression?

<p>Block serotonin reuptake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common concern associated with ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)?

<p>High rate of relapse after treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medication is typically used to manage bipolar disorder over a long period?

<p>Mood stabilizers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of IPT (interpersonal therapy) in treating depression?

<p>Improving personal relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do SSNRIs differ from SSRIs?

<p>They block both serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cognitive therapy is emphasized for managing bipolar disorder?

<p>Changing core negative beliefs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of behavioural activation in CBT for depression?

<p>To increase positive reinforcements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of therapy targets family involvement in the treatment of bipolar disorder?

<p>Family-focused therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of rTMS (repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation) as a treatment?

<p>Painless and non-invasive application (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of bipolar disorder is primarily addressed by IPSRT (interpersonal and social rhythm therapy)?

<p>Regulation of routines and stress coping (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor for increased vulnerability to depression as outlined in the biopsychosocial theory?

<p>Early life stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Beck's cognitive model, negative appraisals are likely to lead to what emotional response?

<p>Negative mood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive distortion involves an overly generalized conclusion from one event?

<p>Over generalization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the hopelessness model, what type of attribution do depressed individuals typically make following negative events?

<p>Internal, stable, and global (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is characteristic of individuals prone to depression in the context of their interpersonal relationships?

<p>Frequent reassurance seeking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between interpersonal relationships and depression?

<p>Dissatisfaction can contribute to the onset of depression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the stress generation hypothesis suggest about individuals with depression?

<p>They may create stressful life events through their behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered an effective treatment for managing daily rhythms in bipolar disorder?

<p>Routine management therapies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive bias is characterized by interpreting everything negatively based on current feelings?

<p>Emotional reasoning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains why negative schemas may persist until activated by a stress event?

<p>Diathesis-stress model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of anxiety sensitivity in relation to panic disorder?

<p>Belief that physical sensations signify harmful consequences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the alarm theory of panic, what activates the alarm system when a person perceives a threat?

<p>Emotional cues rather than objective danger (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive theory posits that worry serves as a method to avoid physiological arousal?

<p>Cognitive avoidance theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is considered a significant risk for the development of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

<p>Intolerance of uncertainty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What maintains anxiety according to the two-factor theory of fear development?

<p>Classical conditioning and observational learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence supports the idea that certain fears may be biologically predisposed rather than learned?

<p>Humans have an evolutionary fear response to specific stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is commonly linked to Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) due to receptor deficiency?

<p>GABA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of cognitive restructuring in treating anxiety disorders?

<p>To assist patients in identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of exposure therapy?

<p>Reinforcement of avoidance behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does disgust sensitivity play in the development of specific phobias?

<p>Higher disgust sensitivity increases the likelihood of developing specific phobias. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding panic attacks?

<p>They can be triggered by emotional cues without actual danger. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key aspect of cognitive theories related to anxiety disorders?

<p>They underestimate the likelihood of positive outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to integrated models, which combination of factors contributes to the risk of anxiety disorders?

<p>Genetic predisposition, cognitive vulnerabilities, and environmental influences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does systematic desensitization aim to achieve in anxiety treatment?

<p>Gradual reduction of anxiety through exposure paired with relaxation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Differential diagnosis of anxiety

Anxiety not caused by substance use, a general medical condition, or another disorder. May be performance-based, such as fear of speaking in public.

Prevalence of anxiety

Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and often occur with other conditions (like depression and substance use).

Cognitive model of anxiety

Anxiety develops through misinterpreting bodily sensations as threats, leading to a cycle of increasing anxiety.

Interceptive awareness

High awareness of bodily sensations (e.g., heart rate, temperature).

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Misinterpretation of bodily sensations in anxiety

Incorrectly perceiving bodily changes as signs of danger while they are harmless.

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Snowballing Misinterpretations

A vicious cycle where a reaction to anxiety triggers more worry, increasing anxiety, and potentially leading to a panic attack.

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Anxiety Sensitivity

A tendency to fear anxiety-related physical sensations, believing they portend harm.

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Alarm Theory of Panic

Panic attacks occur when the body's alarm system mistakenly reacts to perceived threats instead of real ones.

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Classical Conditioning (Anxiety)

Learning to fear neutral stimuli associated with panic attacks or anxiety-provoking situations.

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GABA Theory (GAD)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder linked to a deficiency in GABA receptors, leading to excessive brain activity.

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Cognitive Avoidance Theory (GAD)

Worrying as a means to avoid the physical sensations of anxiety; acts as a strategy to decrease arousal.

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Contrast Avoidance Theory (GAD)

Worrying as a way to maintain a constant negative emotional state, preventing drastic changes.

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Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU)

Discomfort with ambiguity or uncertainty, leading to worry and anxiety.

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Classical Conditioning (Phobias)

Learning to fear a neutral stimulus after pairing it with a frightening event.

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Operant Conditioning (Phobias)

Avoidance of a phobia reduces anxiety, reinforcing the avoidance behaviour.

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Biological Preparedness (Phobias)

Evolutionary predisposition to fear certain stimuli that posed threats to our ancestors.

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Behavioural Inhibition (SAD)

A tendency to be shy, socially withdrawn, and easily aroused as a risk factor.

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Exaggerated Likelihood (SAD)

Social Anxiety Disorder characterized by overestimating the likelihood and severity of social criticism.

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Triple Vulnerability Model

A model suggesting that biological, psychological, and life experiences combine to increase risk for anxiety disorders.

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Exposure Therapy

A treatment for anxiety disorders where people are gradually exposed to feared stimuli, reducing their fear.

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OCD - Exposure and Ritual Prevention

A treatment approach for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) that encourages refraining from compulsive rituals that relieve anxiety temporarily but reinforce obsessive thoughts in the long term.

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Agoraphobia - Exposure

A treatment for agoraphobia that involves gradual exposure to feared situations to reduce avoidance behaviors, avoiding distractions or other safety behaviors

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Problem-Solving Skills for Anxiety

A method to manage anxiety by actively addressing problems rather than avoiding them or worrying. It emphasizes constructive problem-solving strategies.

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Relaxation Techniques

Methods like progressive muscle relaxation, breathing exercises, and mental relaxation to directly reduce emotional arousal associated with anxiety.

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Panic Disorder

Anxiety disorder characterized by recurring panic attacks.

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Agoraphobia

Fear of places or situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable if a panic attack occurs.

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Obsession

Recurring, unwanted thoughts or impulses that are difficult to dismiss or control.

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Compulsion

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety associated with an obsession.

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OCD Compulsions

Behaviors used to reduce anxiety from obsessions, negatively reinforced.

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Cognitive Misinterpretation (OCD)

Overestimating the harm of thoughts, leading to unhelpful coping strategies

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ERP Therapy

CBT treatment for OCD; confronts anxiety and prevents avoidance.

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PTSD Trigger

Internal or external reminders of a traumatic event, evoking distress.

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PTSD Exposure

Direct experience, witnessing, learning of, or repeated exposure to traumatic events.

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PTSD Flashbacks

Transient loss of reality, feeling the trauma happen again.

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Negative Reinforcement (OCD)

Compulsive behaviors reduce anxiety, strengthening the behavior.

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Neutralization (OCD)

Compulsive behaviors to counter problematic thoughts.

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Mood Disorders: Wide Swings

Characterized by extreme shifts in mood between depression and mania.

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Biopsychosocial Theory (Vulnerability)

Environmental factors can alter biological responses, making individuals more prone to mental illness.

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Beck's Cognitive Model (Depression)

Negative thinking styles and appraisals cause depressive moods.

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Depressive Schema

Core beliefs affecting appraisals in depression.

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Hopelessness Theory

Depression is linked to a global, stable, internal view of negative events.

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Interpersonal Model (Depression)

Depression arising from relationship problems and behaviors.

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Stress Generation Hypothesis

Depressed individuals might create stressful situations.

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Psychosocial Theories (Bipolar)

Stress, reward sensitivity, and changing routines can trigger bipolar episodes.

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Cognitive Distortions (Depression)

Negative thought patterns linked with depression.

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Internal vs. External Attributions (Negative Events)

Depressed vs. non-depressed individuals often interpret causes of events differently.

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Tricyclic antidepressants

Early antidepressants that block the reuptake of norepinephrine.

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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Antidepressants that inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase, preventing the breakdown of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin.

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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Common antidepressants that block the reuptake of serotonin, increasing its levels.

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A procedure using electrical impulses to induce a seizure, used for severe, treatment-resistant depression.

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Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

A non-invasive treatment that uses magnetic fields to stimulate specific brain regions, used for depression.

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Lithium

Mood stabilizer that affects neurotransmitter levels (especially excitatory and inhibitory) to effectively treat Bipolar.

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Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

A therapy focusing on interpersonal relationships in depression, including disputes, grief, and role changes.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Psychological therapy for depression focusing on thoughts and behaviors, challenging negative thoughts, and promoting behavioral activation.

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Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT)

Therapy for Bipolar disorder addressing disruptions in daily routines and interpersonal conflicts.

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Family-Focused Therapy (FFT)

Therapy for bipolar disorder involving educating families about the disorder and facilitating communication and problem-solving skills.

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Study Notes

Anxiety Disorders

  • Four types of anxiety symptoms, three components of emotion
    • Physiological/somatic symptoms: autonomic responses (e.g., heart rate, shaking, GI distress, muscle tension, pupil dilation, breathing)
    • Cognitive symptoms: alterations in thoughts (e.g., worries, sense of loss of control) during emotional experiences
    • Behavioral symptoms: consequences of emotions/thoughts (e.g., avoidance behaviors, coping mechanisms like substance use)
  • Adaptive fear vs. maladaptive anxiety
    • Anxiety: future-oriented affective state of feeling threatened by a future event
    • Fear: present-oriented primitive emotion, response to imminent threat
    • Adaptive fear: proportionate response to an identifiable, objective, current threat, necessary for survival. Physiological response to trigger danger.
    • Maladaptive anxiety: unrealistic fear, disproportionate to threat, persists in the absence of the threat.
  • Key features of DSM-5 anxiety disorders
    • Panic Disorder (PD)
      • Panic attacks: sudden, intense fear episodes with physical symptoms (e.g., heart palpitations, shortness of breath, sweating). Heightened severity within minutes.
      • May be associated with other anxiety disorders, but in PD attacks are unexpected.
      • Four criteria: 10 physical + 3 psychological (derealization or depersonalization, loss of control, going crazy, fear of dying). 4/13 are required.
      • Prevalence: 1.5-3%
    • Agoraphobia
      • Fear of places where escape is difficult or panic-like symptoms may arise where help is unavailable.
      • Diagnosis when avoidance is persistent and pervasive.
      • Often comorbid with PD.
      • DSM-5 criteria: 1. Marked fear of 2 or more situations (e.g., public transportation, open spaces, enclosed spaces, standing in crowds, being outside of home alone).
      • Fear of not being able to escape.
      • Situations provoke fear.
      1. Situations are avoided.
      1. Fear is out of proportion.
    • Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
      • Excessive, uncontrollable worry for most days over 6 months.
      • Symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbances.
      • 9% of population
    • Specific Phobias
      • Marked fear of a specific object or situation leading to avoidance behaviour.
      • Fear is out of proportion to the actual danger.
      • Four Criteria: 1. Marked fear of specific object/situation, 2. Phobic object always provokes fear, 3. Situation avoided or endured with anxiety, 4. Fear out of proportion (unreasonable), 5. Impairment/distress interferes with everyday function, 6. Persistent >6 months.
    • Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)
      • Fear/anxiety in social situations out of proportion. Often aware but continues to avoid.

Other Disorders

  • Panic Attacks

  • PTSD

  • Acute stress disorder

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Anxiety Disorders Notes PDF

Description

Explore the various types of anxiety symptoms, including physiological, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions. Understand the differences between adaptive fear and maladaptive anxiety, including their implications for mental health. Additionally, learn key features of DSM-5 anxiety disorders.

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