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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of anxiety disorders?
What is the primary characteristic of anxiety disorders?
Which anxiety disorder is characterized by an intense fear of specific objects or situations?
Which anxiety disorder is characterized by an intense fear of specific objects or situations?
Which demographic is reported to have a higher prevalence of anxiety disorders?
Which demographic is reported to have a higher prevalence of anxiety disorders?
Why is it important to teach about anxiety disorders?
Why is it important to teach about anxiety disorders?
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What is a common complication associated with untreated anxiety disorders?
What is a common complication associated with untreated anxiety disorders?
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What is a distinguishing feature of generalized anxiety disorder compared to other anxiety disorders?
What is a distinguishing feature of generalized anxiety disorder compared to other anxiety disorders?
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What term describes the fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult?
What term describes the fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult?
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What is an emotion that may accompany anxiety, characterized by an uncomfortable anticipation of future threats?
What is an emotion that may accompany anxiety, characterized by an uncomfortable anticipation of future threats?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT part of the criteria for Generalised Anxiety Disorder?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT part of the criteria for Generalised Anxiety Disorder?
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What is the minimum duration for symptoms to be present for a diagnosis of Generalised Anxiety Disorder?
What is the minimum duration for symptoms to be present for a diagnosis of Generalised Anxiety Disorder?
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Which symptom is primarily psychological as opposed to physiological?
Which symptom is primarily psychological as opposed to physiological?
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Which statement is true regarding the distress caused by Generalised Anxiety Disorder?
Which statement is true regarding the distress caused by Generalised Anxiety Disorder?
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For Generalised Anxiety Disorder, the symptoms must not be better explained by which of the following?
For Generalised Anxiety Disorder, the symptoms must not be better explained by which of the following?
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In the context of Generalised Anxiety Disorder, what does 'sleep disturbance' refer to?
In the context of Generalised Anxiety Disorder, what does 'sleep disturbance' refer to?
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What does the term 'persistent excessive anxiety' imply in Generalised Anxiety Disorder?
What does the term 'persistent excessive anxiety' imply in Generalised Anxiety Disorder?
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Which of the following best describes Carol's self-assessment of her anxiety?
Which of the following best describes Carol's self-assessment of her anxiety?
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What impact does Carol believe her anxiety has on her studies?
What impact does Carol believe her anxiety has on her studies?
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How does Carol feel about walking alone at night?
How does Carol feel about walking alone at night?
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What does Carol do to manage her anxiety before tests?
What does Carol do to manage her anxiety before tests?
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What does Carol do when she is accompanied while walking at night?
What does Carol do when she is accompanied while walking at night?
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What type of activities does Carol enjoy during her free time?
What type of activities does Carol enjoy during her free time?
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How does Carol's anxiety affect her ability to relax?
How does Carol's anxiety affect her ability to relax?
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What does Carol's sleeping pattern look like?
What does Carol's sleeping pattern look like?
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What does Carol consider about her personality?
What does Carol consider about her personality?
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What is the first-line biological treatment for Panic Disorder?
What is the first-line biological treatment for Panic Disorder?
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Which of the following is considered a requirement for the diagnosis of Substance/Medication Induced Anxiety Disorder?
Which of the following is considered a requirement for the diagnosis of Substance/Medication Induced Anxiety Disorder?
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Which of the following medications is termed as 'acute' for Panic Disorder management?
Which of the following medications is termed as 'acute' for Panic Disorder management?
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What is a common strategy in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for treating Panic Disorder?
What is a common strategy in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for treating Panic Disorder?
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In patients with Panic Disorder, how should the follow-up frequency change once stabilized?
In patients with Panic Disorder, how should the follow-up frequency change once stabilized?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of biological treatment mentioned for Panic Disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a type of biological treatment mentioned for Panic Disorder?
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When might benzodiazepines be used in the treatment plan for Panic Disorder?
When might benzodiazepines be used in the treatment plan for Panic Disorder?
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What should be considered when involving family in the treatment of Panic Disorder?
What should be considered when involving family in the treatment of Panic Disorder?
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Which of the following best describes Thyroxine induced anxiety disorder?
Which of the following best describes Thyroxine induced anxiety disorder?
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What is a key feature of Unspecified Anxiety Disorder?
What is a key feature of Unspecified Anxiety Disorder?
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Which of the following is NOT a differential diagnosis for anxiety disorders?
Which of the following is NOT a differential diagnosis for anxiety disorders?
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What is considered a phobic disorder?
What is considered a phobic disorder?
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Which disorder is characterized by anxiety occurring in social situations?
Which disorder is characterized by anxiety occurring in social situations?
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What defines agoraphobia?
What defines agoraphobia?
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How long must an individual experience symptoms for a diagnosis of phobic disorders?
How long must an individual experience symptoms for a diagnosis of phobic disorders?
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What common condition may be mistaken for anxiety disorders in the differential diagnoses?
What common condition may be mistaken for anxiety disorders in the differential diagnoses?
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What characteristic is common to all phobic disorders?
What characteristic is common to all phobic disorders?
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What is a common consequence of Social Anxiety Disorder?
What is a common consequence of Social Anxiety Disorder?
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Which situation would most likely trigger agoraphobia?
Which situation would most likely trigger agoraphobia?
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Which of the following is NOT a subtype of Specific Phobia?
Which of the following is NOT a subtype of Specific Phobia?
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What type of treatment is considered psychosocial for phobic disorders?
What type of treatment is considered psychosocial for phobic disorders?
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In which phobic disorder do individuals fear being outside the house alone?
In which phobic disorder do individuals fear being outside the house alone?
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Which of the following is likely to lead to a phobia of natural environments?
Which of the following is likely to lead to a phobia of natural environments?
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Which treatment is typically NOT recommended for agoraphobia?
Which treatment is typically NOT recommended for agoraphobia?
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Flashcards
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Mental disorders characterized by excessive anxiety causing distress or impairment.
Generalised Anxiety Disorder
Generalised Anxiety Disorder
A disorder with persistent, excessive worry about various aspects of life.
Panic Disorder
Panic Disorder
Characterized by recurrent panic attacks and intense fear during attacks.
Social Anxiety Disorder
Social Anxiety Disorder
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Specific Phobia
Specific Phobia
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Agoraphobia
Agoraphobia
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Complications of Anxiety Disorders
Complications of Anxiety Disorders
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Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
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Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
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Core Features of GAD
Core Features of GAD
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Physiological Symptoms
Physiological Symptoms
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Psychological Symptoms
Psychological Symptoms
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Sleep Disturbance
Sleep Disturbance
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Significant Distress
Significant Distress
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Worry Symptoms
Worry Symptoms
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Duration of Symptoms
Duration of Symptoms
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Anxiety
Anxiety
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Test Anxiety
Test Anxiety
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Social Anxiety
Social Anxiety
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Physical Symptoms of Anxiety
Physical Symptoms of Anxiety
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Avoidance Behavior
Avoidance Behavior
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Impact on Studying
Impact on Studying
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Restless Sleep
Restless Sleep
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Self-Perception of Anxiety
Self-Perception of Anxiety
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Thyroxine induced anxiety disorder
Thyroxine induced anxiety disorder
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Other Specified Anxiety Disorder
Other Specified Anxiety Disorder
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Unspecified Anxiety Disorder
Unspecified Anxiety Disorder
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Differential Diagnoses
Differential Diagnoses
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Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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Phobic Disorders
Phobic Disorders
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Management Strategies
Management Strategies
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SSRI
SSRI
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Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines
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Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
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Follow-Up Frequency
Follow-Up Frequency
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Substance-Induced Anxiety
Substance-Induced Anxiety
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Phobic Disorder Definition
Phobic Disorder Definition
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Impact of Phobic Disorders
Impact of Phobic Disorders
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Social Anxiety Disorder Symptoms
Social Anxiety Disorder Symptoms
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Consequences of Social Anxiety
Consequences of Social Anxiety
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Agoraphobia Definition
Agoraphobia Definition
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Situations Causing Agoraphobia
Situations Causing Agoraphobia
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Specific Phobia Types
Specific Phobia Types
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Treatment for Phobic Disorders
Treatment for Phobic Disorders
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Study Notes
Adult Anxiety Disorders: Introduction
- Adult anxiety disorders are a common group of mental disorders involving excessive anxiety causing significant distress or impairment in functioning.
- Anxiety disorders often begin during adolescence or young adulthood.
- Anxiety disorders tend to have a chronic course, waxing and waning over decades.
- A significant portion of those with anxiety disorders will respond to treatment, but many do not achieve a complete cure.
- Approximately a third of those with anxiety disorders are asymptomatic, a third significantly improve, and a third maintain substantial symptoms.
- Approximately 10% of those with anxiety disorders have poor outcomes.
About Anxiety Disorder Lectures
- Topics covered in the lectures include: generalized anxiety disorder, management of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorders, other anxiety disorders, and stopping treatment.
In This Lecture
- Topics covered in this lecture include: classification of adult anxiety disorders, normal vs. abnormal anxiety, course of anxiety disorders, etiology, and case studies.
Classification: Adult Anxiety Disorders
- Specific phobia
- Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
- Panic disorder
- Agoraphobia
- Generalized anxiety disorder
- Substance/Medication induced anxiety disorder
- Anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition
- Other specified anxiety disorder
- Unspecified anxiety disorder
Why Do We Teach The Anxiety Disorders?
- Anxiety disorders are very common, impacting 1-4% of the adult population.
- They are more common in women.
- They impair functioning in work, interpersonal relationships, and recreational activities.
- They often lead to feelings of demoralization, avoidance, and a sense of being misunderstood by others.
- Anxiety disorders frequently lead to complications such as other anxiety disorders, mood and depressive disorders, and substance use disorders.
- The suicide risk is increased in people with anxiety disorders, though not as high as those with major depressive disorder (MDD).
- These disorders have wide differential diagnosis, overlapping with other mental and medical conditions.
- They are very treatable especially when diagnosed early.
The Anxiety Disorders: What Are They About?
- Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by excessive anxiety causing clinically significant distress or impairment in general functioning.
Description: What is an Emotion?
- An emotion is a subjective feeling state accompanied by subjective experience, physiological change, and behavior.
Description: What is Anxiety?
- Anxiety is an unpleasant feeling state anticipated in anticipation of a future threat.
Description: What is Fear?
- Fear is when the threat or perceived threat is imminent.
Description: What is Stress?
- Stress is the sum of all physiological and psychological responses to an event or situation requiring adjustment.
Description: What is a Stressor?
- A stressor is an event or situation requiring adjustment.
Normal vs. Abnormal Anxiety / Fear
- Normal Anxiety/Fear: Constructive, no impact on functioning, proportional subjective distress, proportional duration, proportional physical phenomena.
- Abnormal Anxiety/Fear: Destructive, negative effect on functioning, excessive subjective distress, excessive duration, excessive physical phenomena.
Course of The Anxiety Disorders?
- Anxiety disorders tend to be chronic, often starting in adolescence or young adulthood.
- The course of the disorder can wax and wane over many decades.
- Most people respond to treatment, but complete cures are uncommon.
- Outcomes vary greatly; about one-third are asymptomatic, one-third significantly improve, one-third continue with significant symptoms, and 10% do poorly.
What about Etiology?
- There are many theories regarding the etiology of anxiety disorders.
- These include biological and psychological factors.
- The exact cause of idiopathic anxiety disorders is currently unknown.
Case: Slide 1 to 3
- Case studies of individual experiences with anxiety disorders, including a young South African law student named Carol, are presented.
- Information provided includes her personal traits, her experiences with anxiety, her responses to testing situations, and aspects of her daily life.
- The case studies illustrate daily life with both types of anxiety.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Criteria A. Excessive anxiety and worry more days than not for at least six months, about a number of events or activities.
- Criteria B. The individual finds it difficult to control the worry.
- Criteria C. Associated with three or more of six symptoms (e.g., restlessness, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbances) present for most days over six months.
- Criteria D. The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
- Criteria E. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition.
- Criteria F. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder.
- This is a persistent excessive anxiety and difficult-to-control worry for at least six months.
- It has psychological and physiological symptoms causing significant functioning impairment that is not explainable by another mental disorder or substance.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder- Core clinical features
- These features are essential. Without them, a GAD diagnosis is not possible.
- Examples include, but are not limited to restlessness, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbances.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder- Characteristic clinical features
- Not absolutely required for a diagnosis, but essential for a comprehensive understanding of the person.
Phobic Disorders
- Phobic disorders involve excessive, persistent (at least 6 months) unreasonable fear or anxiety towards circumscribed stimuli (such as an object or situation).
- The phobic stimulus typically evokes fear or anxiety disproportionate to the actual threat.
- Avoidance of the phobic stimulus is common, and enduring the stimulus is often associated with significant distress and impairment.
- These disorders impair functionality or cause significant distress for the person, are not caused by substances or medical conditions, and must not be mistaken for any other mental disorder.
Social Anxiety Disorder
- Social anxiety disorder is characterized by fear and anxiety towards social situations where the person anticipates negative evaluation.
- Consequences can be avoidance of social situations, leading to restricted life activities or avoidance of social activities.
Agoraphobia
- Agoraphobia involves fear and avoidance of situations where the person anticipates difficulty escaping or receiving help if they experience panic-like symptoms, other incapacitating symptoms, or embarrassing symptoms.
- People with agoraphobia may experience problems leaving home, using public transportation or public spaces, or being in crowds. The fear and avoidance limit daily life and lead to impairment.
Specific Phobia
- Specific phobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by fear and anxiety directed towards a particular object or situation.
- Examples of specific phobia subtypes include animal type (fear of animals), natural environment type (fear of heights), blood-injection-injury type (fear of blood or injuries), situational type (fear of enclosed spaces, flying), and other type.
Phobic Disorders: Management
- Work-up: See previous generalized anxiety disorder work-up procedures.
- Psychosocial treatment: Includes cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for all subtypes; exposure and response prevention, relaxation techniques and restructuring of thoughts.
- Biological treatment: SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) and venlafaxine are sometimes used for social anxiety disorder.
Anxiety Disorders: Stopping Treatment
- Many anxiety disorders are chronic, with waxing and waning patterns.
- Relapse after stopping medication is relatively high, often over 90% in some cases.
- Long-term treatment is often necessary.
- Treatment discontinuation may be possible after one year of complete symptom remission, functional restoration, and a sense of well-being and patient's readiness.
- Treatment must be stopped slowly over several months and may need booster sessions every five years for patients who have received cognitive behavioral therapy.
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Description
Test your knowledge on anxiety disorders with this quiz. Explore key characteristics, types, prevalence, and complications associated with anxiety disorders. Learn about their impact and the importance of education regarding mental health.