Psychology Chapter 29-32 Anxiety Disorders Overview

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Questions and Answers

What primarily characterizes generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

Excessive worry about a range of events for more than six months (correct)

Experiencing sudden surges of panic

Fear of crowds and public spaces

Intense fear of specific animals or situations

Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with panic disorder?

Excessive worrying about future events (correct)

Breathing difficulties

Racing heart

Dizziness

Individuals with agoraphobia typically avoid which type of situations?

Predictable and controlled environments

Specific encounters with animals they fear

Situations causing overwhelming anxiety or fear of being trapped (correct)

Social gatherings for fear of humiliation

What is a key feature of social anxiety disorder?

Intense fear of rejection or humiliation in interpersonal situations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a specific phobia?

Excessive, irrational fear of a particular object or situation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom experienced by individuals with generalized anxiety disorder?

Difficulty sleeping Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the fear of being unable to escape settings that induce panic feelings?

Agoraphobia Signup and view all the answers

Panic attacks are characterized by which of the following symptoms?

Experiencing fear of losing control Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with major depressive disorder (MDD)?

Hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic required for a diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Presence of hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes delusions?

Fixed, false beliefs maintained despite contradictory evidence Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by disruptions to memory, consciousness, and/or identity stemming from psychological origins?

Dissociative disorders Signup and view all the answers

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia primarily characterized by?

Lack of emotional expression or pleasure Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with dissociative fugue may experience a partial loss of memory and:

Travel from their home and assume a new identity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Delusions Signup and view all the answers

What can recurrent depressive episodes in major depressive disorder lead to?

Deterioration of cognitive functions Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters are primarily implicated in major depressive disorder?

Serotonin and Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in treating depression?

They block the reabsorption of serotonin. Signup and view all the answers

What does the monoamine hypothesis suggest about the causes of depression?

Depression is linked to a deficit in serotonergic and noradrenergic activity. Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is primarily affected in Parkinson's disease?

Substantia Nigra Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the degeneration of the substantia nigra have on motor function in Parkinson's disease?

It impairs dopaminergic modulation of movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) in treating depression?

They prevent the breakdown of monoamines. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments for Parkinson's disease mimics or enhances the effects of dopamine?

L-dopa Signup and view all the answers

How does deep-brain stimulation (DBS) help in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?

It sends electrical impulses to specific brain areas. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of humanistic psychotherapy?

To provide a supportive environment for growth Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) primarily aim to change?

Negative thoughts and behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines sociology?

The scientific study of society and social relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a focus area of microsociology?

Patterns of group interactions Signup and view all the answers

What technique is commonly used in humanistic psychotherapy to demonstrate empathy?

Paraphrasing the client’s statements Signup and view all the answers

In sociology, what provides the empirical evidence for analyzing social systems?

Observations and data Signup and view all the answers

What do macrosociologists typically study?

Global issues and large-scale social processes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following therapeutic approaches emphasizes unconditional positive regard?

Humanistic psychotherapy Signup and view all the answers

What do manifest functions refer to in the context of social institutions?

Expected or planned purposes of social institutions Signup and view all the answers

According to conflict theory, what is a primary source of societal tension?

Unequal distribution of wealth and power Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies a latent function of higher education?

Meeting potential romantic partners Signup and view all the answers

Who is primarily associated with the development of conflict theory?

Karl Marx Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the class that gains wealth through the exploitation of the working class according to Marx?

Bourgeoisie Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of property tax funding on public schools as analyzed through conflict theory?

It results in unequal funding for schools based on neighborhood wealth Signup and view all the answers

Which concept focuses on the roles and contributions of institutions in maintaining society's balance?

Functionalism Signup and view all the answers

What does conflict theory say about power within social institutions?

It is concentrated in the hands of the bourgeoisie Signup and view all the answers

What defines compulsions in the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Repetitive behaviors aimed at neutralizing obsessions Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT characteristic of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Repetitive behaviors to manage anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is required for a manic episode to qualify as part of bipolar I disorder?

Symptoms that require hospitalization or last for at least one week Signup and view all the answers

In bipolar I disorder, what symptom is commonly experienced during depressive episodes?

Lack of interest in activities Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes depressive disorders as opposed to occasional sadness?

Enduring periods of sadness that interfere with functioning Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anxiety Disorders

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive worry about a range of events for more than six months.
Individuals with GAD anticipate disastrous outcomes and find it difficult to control their worry.
Common symptoms of GAD include muscle tension, difficulty concentrating or sleeping, and feeling restless, fatigued, or irritable.
Panic attacks are overwhelming surges of anxiety that peak within minutes and can be associated with several disorders.
Panic disorder is characterized by repeated, uncontrollable and unpredictable panic attacks.
Agoraphobia involves intense fear of being unable to escape settings that cause feelings of panic or being trapped.
Individuals with agoraphobia avoid such settings and are often afraid to leave their home.
Many individuals with agoraphobia experience panic attacks and/or have panic disorder.
Social anxiety disorder is characterized by intense fear of interpersonal rejection or humiliation.
Individuals with social anxiety disorder become extremely anxious in social settings and may avoid these situations.
Specific phobia is characterized by excessive and irrational fear of a specific situation or animal/object.
Some specific phobias are hypothesized to result from the classical conditioning of fear.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by an ongoing period of depressed mood and/or a lack of pleasure or loss of interest in activities.
Other symptoms of MDD include changes in appetite, sleep, fatigue, low self-worth or guilt, cognitive difficulties, and/or thoughts about death or suicidal ideation.
Most people with MDD experience recurrent depressive episodes.

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a severe psychological disorder characterized by a loss of contact with reality.
Diagnosis of Schizophrenia requires the presence of several characteristic symptoms for one month or longer, at least one of which must be hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech.
Schizophrenia typically involves positive symptoms (pathological excesses) and negative symptoms (pathological deficits).
Delusions are fixed, false beliefs maintained despite evidence to the contrary.
Hallucinations are false perceptual experiences in the absence of sensory stimulation.
Many people with schizophrenia also experience psychomotor symptoms.

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative disorders involve disruptions to memory, consciousness, and/or identity that stem from psychological origins.
Dissociative amnesia is a condition in which someone might forget important autobiographical details, such as their name or marital status.
A dissociative fugue is a rare condition in which individuals with dissociative amnesia travel from their home and assume a new identity.

The Biological Underpinnings of Depression

Serotonin and norepinephrine have been implicated in depressive disorders.
Decreases in these neurotransmitters cause symptoms of depression.
Medications that elevate levels of serotonin and/or norepinephrine alleviate depressive symptoms for many individuals.
The monoamine hypothesis attributes depression to a deficit in central serotonergic and/or noradrenergic activity.

The Biological Underpinnings of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN).
The SN projects axons to the basal ganglia, which plays an important role in voluntary movements.
The degeneration of the SN in PD impairs dopaminergic modulation, which causes the motor symptoms of the disease.
Some medications used to treat PD are dopamine agonists.
Another treatment for PD, deep-brain stimulation (DBS) involves implanting a device in the brain that sends electrical impulses to a specific area.

Major Psychotherapeutic Approaches

Humanistic psychotherapy is a person- or client-centered approach that aims to provide a supportive environment in which clients can grow and change.
Humanistic therapists demonstrate unconditional positive regard, empathy, and active listening.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is designed to help individuals replace negative thoughts and behaviors with healthier thoughts and behaviors.

Sociology and Society

Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of relationships and activities developed by a group of people who share a common way of life.
Sociologists examine how humans organize social systems and create culture.
Sociologists rely on empirical evidence to develop and support their explanations.

Microsociology and Macrosociology

Microsociology focuses on the interactions between individuals and small groups.
Macrosociology focuses on large-scale social structures and social systems.

Functionalist Theory

Functionalist theory views society as a complex system of interrelated parts, each with its own function.
Social institutions, such as healthcare and education, serve different purposes to support society's overall order and balance.
Manifest functions are expected or planned purposes of a social institution.
Latent functions are unintended consequences of a social institution.

Conflict Theory

Conflict theory views society as a hierarchy of competing groups.
It argues that tension arises when resources are unequally distributed throughout society.
It was influenced by Karl Marx, who wrote about societal changes resulting from the capitalist revolution.
Bourgeoise refers to the owning class.
Proletariat refers to the working class.
Conflict theory asserts that power and privilege are incorporated within social institutions through policies and laws.

Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)

OCD is characterized by obsessions and / or compulsions
Obsessions are intrusive, distressing thoughts
Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or rituals
Compulsions often attempt to neutralize obsessions
To be diagnosed with OCD, obsessions and/or compulsions must occupy significant time or interfere with daily functioning

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

PTSD develops following exposure to a traumatic event
Traumatic events can be events resulting in, or nearly resulting in, death or serious injury
Symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event, negative thoughts and moods, avoidance of trauma triggers, and hyperarousal
Symptoms must be present for at least one month to be diagnosed with PTSD

Bipolar I Disorder

Bipolar I disorder is characterized by mania
Mania involves abnormally elevated or irritable mood and increased energy
During a manic episode, individuals may be talkative, distractible, overconfident, or act impulsively
Individuals with bipolar I disorder may experience reduced need for sleep
Symptoms of manic episodes must require hospitalization or persist for at least one week and have a significant impact on functioning
Individuals with Bipolar I disorder also typically experience major depressive episodes

Depressive Disorders

Depressive disorders are defined by enduring periods of sadness that affect daily functioning

Humanistic Psychotherapy

Humanistic psychotherapy is a person-centered approach
It aims to provide a supportive environment for personal growth
Humanistic therapists demonstrate unconditional positive regard, empathy, and active listening
Unconditional positive regard means offering acceptance regardless of behavior
Empathy means seeing the world from the client’s perspective
Active listening means summarizing a client's statements and asking clarifying questions

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

CBT is designed to replace negative thoughts and behaviors with healthier ones

Sociology

Sociology is the systematic study of society
Society refers to patterns of relationships and activities shared by a group of people
Sociologists examine how humans organize social systems (eg, politics, criminal justice) and create culture
Sociologists rely on empirical evidence to develop and support their explanations

Microsociology

Microsociology examines small-scale social phenomena and interpersonal interactions
Microsociology views society from a microscopic perspective
Microsociology focuses on the importance of individual actions in shaping society
Example: A microsociology approach could focus on communication barriers between physicians and patients to understand the impact of interaction on health outcomes

Macrosociology

Macrosociology examines society-wide institutions and large-scale events
Macrosociology views society from a macro-level perspective
Macrosociology focuses on broad patterns, trends, and demographics within the organization of society
Example: A macrosociology approach might focus on how patterns of unemployment and poverty impact the rise of obesity rates

Functionalism

Functionalism is a macrosociological theory
Functionalism compares society to a biological organism
Functionalism posits that structures of society work together to maintain stability and order

Symbolic Interactionism

Symbolic interactionism is a microsociological theory
Symbolic interactionism views society as the product of social interactions
Symbols are any image, object, gesture, or sound that conveys meaning
Symbolic meanings are determined by context and vary across cultures
Symbolic meanings are not permanent
Key principles of symbolic interactionism:
- Symbolic meaning is created in interaction
- Individuals act based on interpreted meaning of symbols
- Differences in symbolic interpretations result in different actions

Social constructionism is a microsociological theory
Social constructionism focuses on how societies create ideas and interpret the meaning of reality
A social construct is an idea that has been created and supported by a specific social group
Social constructionism proposes that elements of social reality, such as common practices, social systems, and identities, are social constructs
Objects, behaviors, and identity categories have meaning based on social agreement

Exchange-Rational Choice

This is a combination of two theories:
- Rational Choice Theory: Proposes that humans are self-interested and make rational decisions by analyzing all possible options to maximize gain and minimize loss
- Social Exchange Theory: Applies rational choice theory to interactions and relationships with others; proposes that interactions are based on calculations of benefits and costs

Feminist Theory

Feminist theory describes a variety of theories aimed at explaining power differences based on gender
Feminist theories argue that gender inequality is rooted in the organization of society into a patriarchal system
Current feminist theory attempts to address how the patriarchal structure of society negatively impacts all individuals, regardless of gender identity
Feminist theories include both macro- and micro-level approaches
- Macro-level feminist theory considers how large-scale social processes maintain gender inequality

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Description

This quiz covers various anxiety disorders, including Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia, and Social Anxiety Disorder. Explore symptoms, characteristics, and impacts of these disorders to enhance your understanding of mental health challenges. Test your knowledge and learn more about how these conditions affect individuals daily.