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Questions and Answers
What is a key difference between normal anxiety and pathological anxiety?
What is a key difference between normal anxiety and pathological anxiety?
Which disorder is characterized by excessive, free-floating anxiety?
Which disorder is characterized by excessive, free-floating anxiety?
What is agoraphobia primarily associated with?
What is agoraphobia primarily associated with?
Which of the following best defines a phobia?
Which of the following best defines a phobia?
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Social phobia is more common in which demographic?
Social phobia is more common in which demographic?
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What physiological response is often associated with panic attacks?
What physiological response is often associated with panic attacks?
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What factor may contribute to a greater vulnerability to develop panic disorder?
What factor may contribute to a greater vulnerability to develop panic disorder?
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What is a primary characteristic of cyclothymic disorder?
What is a primary characteristic of cyclothymic disorder?
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Which of the following is considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Which of the following is considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
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What does the Dopamine hypothesis suggest about schizophrenia?
What does the Dopamine hypothesis suggest about schizophrenia?
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Which type of schizophrenia is characterized by severely disorganized speech and behavior?
Which type of schizophrenia is characterized by severely disorganized speech and behavior?
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Which of the following factors has been implicated in the development of schizophrenia?
Which of the following factors has been implicated in the development of schizophrenia?
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What is a primary characteristic of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
What is a primary characteristic of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
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Which factor increases the likelihood of developing PTSD after trauma exposure?
Which factor increases the likelihood of developing PTSD after trauma exposure?
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How are obsessions defined in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
How are obsessions defined in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
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What is a common symptom of major depression?
What is a common symptom of major depression?
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Which disorder involves episodes of depression that recur during fall and winter?
Which disorder involves episodes of depression that recur during fall and winter?
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What distinguishes bipolar disorder from other mood disorders?
What distinguishes bipolar disorder from other mood disorders?
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What is an effect of dysthymic disorder?
What is an effect of dysthymic disorder?
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What defines a manic episode in bipolar disorder?
What defines a manic episode in bipolar disorder?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of major depression?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of major depression?
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What psychological factors influence the development of PTSD?
What psychological factors influence the development of PTSD?
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Study Notes
Anxiety Disorders
- Anxiety is an unpleasant emotional state, characterized by physical arousal and feelings of tension, apprehension, and worry.
- Anxiety disorders are a category of psychological disorders where extreme anxiety is the primary diagnostic feature, causing significant disruptions in cognitive, behavioral, or interpersonal functioning.
- Pathological anxiety differs from normal anxiety in three ways: irrationality, uncontrollability, and disruption.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder marked by excessive, pervasive, and persistent symptoms of anxiety, sometimes called "free-floating anxiety."
- A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense anxiety that escalates rapidly.
Panic Disorders
- Panic disorder involves frequent and unexpected panic attacks.
- Family and twin studies suggest a genetic component to panic disorder, meaning some individuals might inherit a higher vulnerability to developing it.
Phobias
- A phobia is an intense, irrational fear triggered by a specific object or situation.
- Specific phobia (formerly called simple phobia) involves a fear of a particular object or situation, and individuals go to great lengths to avoid the trigger, even if they know the fear is irrational.
Agoraphobia
- Agoraphobia is the fear of having a panic attack in a public place from which escape or help might be difficult.
- People with agoraphobia often avoid situations where they might have a panic attack or would be unable to escape or get help if one occurred.
Social Phobia
- Social phobia (social anxiety disorder) is more prevalent in women than men.
- It is significantly more debilitating than everyday shyness, often causing immense anxiety in social situations like public speaking or attending social events.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- PTSD is a long-lasting anxiety disorder that arises in response to extreme physical or psychological trauma.
- Several factors increase the likelihood of developing PTSD:
- A personal or family history of psychological disorders.
- The severity of the trauma.
- Experiencing multiple traumas.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- OCD is an anxiety disorder where a person's life revolves around repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions).
- Obsessions are not the same as everyday worries; they are repeated, intrusive, and uncontrollable thoughts or mental images causing distress.
Mood Disorders
- Mood disorders are a category of mental disorders marked by significant and chronic disruptions in mood which is the predominant symptom.
- This causes impairments in cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning.
Major Depression
- Major depression is a mood disorder characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, and hopelessness.
- It causes impairment in emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning.
- Symptoms include loss of physical/mental energy, difficulty thinking/concentrating, and reduced eye contact.
Other Mood Disorders
- Dysthymic disorder is characterized by chronic, low-grade feelings of depression, causing subjective distress but not significantly impairing daily function.
- Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) involves episodes of depression occurring mainly during the fall and winter months, and typically remitting in spring and summer.
Bipolar Disorder
- Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder marked by periods of incapacitating depression alternating with periods of extreme euphoria and excitement, formerly known as manic-depression.
- A manic episode includes rapid escalation of emotions, extreme euphoria, excitement, high energy, and rapid thoughts/speech.
- Some people experience a milder, chronic form called cyclothymic disorder, which involves frequent but not severe mood swings.
Schizophrenia
- Schizophrenia is a mental disorder where the ability to function is impaired by severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes.
Schizophrenia Symptoms
- Symptoms are categorized into:
- Positive symptoms: excesses or distortions of normal functioning (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts/behavior).
- Negative symptoms: deficits or defects in normal functioning (flat affect, alogia, avolition).
Other Schizophrenia Symptoms
- Delusion: a falsely held belief that persists despite contradictory evidence.
- Hallucination: a false or distorted perception that seems vividly real to the person experiencing it.
Types of Schizophrenia
- Paranoid type: frequent auditory hallucinations (usually voices).
- Catatonic type: echoing words, mimicking movements.
- Disorganized type: severely disorganized speech and behavior.
- Undifferentiated type: displays characteristics of schizophrenia, but not fitting the patterns of paranoid, catatonic, or disorganized types.
Explaining Schizophrenia
- Schizophrenia is complex, with implicated factors:
- Genetic factors.
- Paternal age (older fathers have a higher risk).
- Environmental factors.
- Abnormal brain structures.
Abnormal Brain Chemistry (Schizophrenia)
- The dopamine hypothesis suggests a link between schizophrenia and excess activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of anxiety disorders, including their definition, characteristics, and the specific types such as Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder. Learn about the differences between normal and pathological anxiety, as well as the genetic aspects of these disorders.
