Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between fear and anxiety?
What is the main difference between fear and anxiety?
- Anxiety is always irrational, while fear can be rational.
- Fear is a response to an actual threat, while anxiety is a response to a perceived threat. (correct)
- Anxiety is a more intense emotion than fear.
- Fear is more common than anxiety.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anxiety disorders?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anxiety disorders?
- Impairment of normal daily functioning.
- More common among women than men.
- Abnormal or irrational responses to stressful situations.
- Symptoms usually begin after the age of 30. (correct)
What kind of anxiety is beneficial and motivating?
What kind of anxiety is beneficial and motivating?
- Mild anxiety (correct)
- Phobias
- Panic disorder
- Generalized anxiety disorder
Why is a thorough evaluation necessary when assessing an anxious patient?
Why is a thorough evaluation necessary when assessing an anxious patient?
What is an example of an anxiety disorder?
What is an example of an anxiety disorder?
What is the role of anxiolytics in treating anxiety disorders?
What is the role of anxiolytics in treating anxiety disorders?
What is the MOST common mental health disorder encountered in clinical practice?
What is the MOST common mental health disorder encountered in clinical practice?
What is the MAIN reason for anxiety disorders being more common among women than men?
What is the MAIN reason for anxiety disorders being more common among women than men?
What is a common approach to treating anxiety disorders?
What is a common approach to treating anxiety disorders?
Which of these situations is a potential trigger for anxiety?
Which of these situations is a potential trigger for anxiety?
Which of these is NOT a sign of anxiety?
Which of these is NOT a sign of anxiety?
What is a potential medical cause of anxiety symptoms?
What is a potential medical cause of anxiety symptoms?
What is the correct term for a fear of situations where escape might be difficult?
What is the correct term for a fear of situations where escape might be difficult?
What is a potential risk posed by using certain medications for anxiety?
What is a potential risk posed by using certain medications for anxiety?
What is a common assessment area for anxiety patients?
What is a common assessment area for anxiety patients?
Which of these is an example of a maladaptive coping mechanism?
Which of these is an example of a maladaptive coping mechanism?
What is a key component of providing care for a patient with anxiety?
What is a key component of providing care for a patient with anxiety?
What is a characteristic of anxiety disorders?
What is a characteristic of anxiety disorders?
What is a common symptom of anxiety in individuals?
What is a common symptom of anxiety in individuals?
Which of these medications is NOT approved by the FDA for treating generalized anxiety disorder?
Which of these medications is NOT approved by the FDA for treating generalized anxiety disorder?
What is a potential benefit of using beta-blockers in anxiety treatment?
What is a potential benefit of using beta-blockers in anxiety treatment?
Which of these is an FDA-approved medication for treating panic disorder?
Which of these is an FDA-approved medication for treating panic disorder?
Which of these is NOT a treatment option for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Which of these is NOT a treatment option for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
What is the role of nursing implications in anxiety therapy?
What is the role of nursing implications in anxiety therapy?
What type of history is crucial in assessing a patient with anxiety?
What type of history is crucial in assessing a patient with anxiety?
Which of these is a common symptom of a panic attack?
Which of these is a common symptom of a panic attack?
Which of the following is NOT a sign of escalating anxiety?
Which of the following is NOT a sign of escalating anxiety?
What is the primary purpose of assessing a patient's ability to make judgments and decisions?
What is the primary purpose of assessing a patient's ability to make judgments and decisions?
Which of the following is a recommended management technique for handling anxiety-producing situations?
Which of the following is a recommended management technique for handling anxiety-producing situations?
What is the importance of identifying the patient's coping mechanisms?
What is the importance of identifying the patient's coping mechanisms?
What is the significance of assessing a patient's sleep pattern?
What is the significance of assessing a patient's sleep pattern?
How can a trusting relationship be established with a patient?
How can a trusting relationship be established with a patient?
What is the role of group process activities in patient care?
What is the role of group process activities in patient care?
What is the purpose of assessing the coherency, relevancy, and organization of a patient's thoughts?
What is the purpose of assessing the coherency, relevancy, and organization of a patient's thoughts?
Why is it important to provide a safe and structured environment for patients?
Why is it important to provide a safe and structured environment for patients?
What is the primary focus of patient education in the context of mental health care?
What is the primary focus of patient education in the context of mental health care?
How can a patient's ability to set goals and make decisions impact their recovery?
How can a patient's ability to set goals and make decisions impact their recovery?
What is the importance of assessing a patient's dietary history in the context of mental health care?
What is the importance of assessing a patient's dietary history in the context of mental health care?
When assessing a patient's response to daily activities, what is the primary concern?
When assessing a patient's response to daily activities, what is the primary concern?
What is the reason for providing a nonstimulating environment for patients who are having sleeping difficulties?
What is the reason for providing a nonstimulating environment for patients who are having sleeping difficulties?
Why is it important to explore the coping mechanisms a patient uses in response to stressors?
Why is it important to explore the coping mechanisms a patient uses in response to stressors?
What is the primary reason for involving patients and their families in goal setting?
What is the primary reason for involving patients and their families in goal setting?
Which of these is NOT a recommendation for handling anxiety-producing situations effectively?
Which of these is NOT a recommendation for handling anxiety-producing situations effectively?
Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect of buspirone therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect of buspirone therapy?
What is the primary therapeutic outcome expected from fluvoxamine?
What is the primary therapeutic outcome expected from fluvoxamine?
Which of the following medications can potentiate the toxicity of buspirone?
Which of the following medications can potentiate the toxicity of buspirone?
Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic outcome expected from hydroxyzine?
Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic outcome expected from hydroxyzine?
What is the recommended initial dosage of buspirone for adults?
What is the recommended initial dosage of buspirone for adults?
Which of the following medications can be used as a mild tranquilizer for anxiety, tension, and agitation?
Which of the following medications can be used as a mild tranquilizer for anxiety, tension, and agitation?
What is the recommended maximum daily dose of buspirone?
What is the recommended maximum daily dose of buspirone?
Which of the following medications should be used with caution in patients who operate machinery or perform tasks requiring mental alertness?
Which of the following medications should be used with caution in patients who operate machinery or perform tasks requiring mental alertness?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of hydroxyzine related to its anticholinergic properties?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of hydroxyzine related to its anticholinergic properties?
What is the mechanism of action of fluvoxamine?
What is the mechanism of action of fluvoxamine?
Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect of fluvoxamine?
Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect of fluvoxamine?
What is the main use of hydroxyzine as a medication?
What is the main use of hydroxyzine as a medication?
Which of the following drugs can increase the metabolism of buspirone, potentially requiring a higher dose?
Which of the following drugs can increase the metabolism of buspirone, potentially requiring a higher dose?
What is the mechanism of action of buspirone?
What is the mechanism of action of buspirone?
Which of the following is an indication for hydroxyzine therapy?
Which of the following is an indication for hydroxyzine therapy?
What is the maximum recommended daily dosage of oxazepam?
What is the maximum recommended daily dosage of oxazepam?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of benzodiazepines?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of benzodiazepines?
What is the recommended duration for gradual withdrawal of benzodiazepines after long-term use?
What is the recommended duration for gradual withdrawal of benzodiazepines after long-term use?
What is the primary mechanism of action of buspirone?
What is the primary mechanism of action of buspirone?
Which of the following medications is NOT a benzodiazepine?
Which of the following medications is NOT a benzodiazepine?
What is the recommended dosage for lorazepam?
What is the recommended dosage for lorazepam?
Which of the following drugs can increase the toxic effects of benzodiazepines?
Which of the following drugs can increase the toxic effects of benzodiazepines?
What is the primary concern regarding benzodiazepine use during pregnancy?
What is the primary concern regarding benzodiazepine use during pregnancy?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of rapid discontinuation of benzodiazepines after long-term use?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of rapid discontinuation of benzodiazepines after long-term use?
What is the rationale for recommending benzodiazepines to be avoided in the first trimester of pregnancy?
What is the rationale for recommending benzodiazepines to be avoided in the first trimester of pregnancy?
Which of the following is a sign of potential benzodiazepine abuse?
Which of the following is a sign of potential benzodiazepine abuse?
What is the most common adverse effect associated with benzodiazepine use?
What is the most common adverse effect associated with benzodiazepine use?
Which of the following is a potential risk associated with taking benzodiazepines in combination with other medications?
Which of the following is a potential risk associated with taking benzodiazepines in combination with other medications?
What is the recommended approach for a patient experiencing physical dependence on benzodiazepines?
What is the recommended approach for a patient experiencing physical dependence on benzodiazepines?
What is the primary advantage of buspirone over other antianxiety agents?
What is the primary advantage of buspirone over other antianxiety agents?
Which of the following laboratory tests should be monitored regularly in patients taking benzodiazepines?
Which of the following laboratory tests should be monitored regularly in patients taking benzodiazepines?
Which benzodiazepine is particularly appropriate for patients with reduced hepatic function or older adults?
Which benzodiazepine is particularly appropriate for patients with reduced hepatic function or older adults?
What is the primary therapeutic outcome expected from benzodiazepine antianxiety agents?
What is the primary therapeutic outcome expected from benzodiazepine antianxiety agents?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why benzodiazepines are commonly used for anxiety?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why benzodiazepines are commonly used for anxiety?
Which benzodiazepine is preferred for patients with severe liver impairment?
Which benzodiazepine is preferred for patients with severe liver impairment?
Which of the following is a reason to avoid benzodiazepines during pregnancy?
Which of the following is a reason to avoid benzodiazepines during pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of a panic attack?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of a panic attack?
What is the recommended approach for discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine therapy?
What is the recommended approach for discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine therapy?
What is the most common age group for generalized anxiety disorder to develop?
What is the most common age group for generalized anxiety disorder to develop?
What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines in reducing anxiety?
What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines in reducing anxiety?
Which of the following mental health conditions is NOT classified under obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) in the DSM-5?
Which of the following mental health conditions is NOT classified under obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) in the DSM-5?
What is the typical timeframe for patients to respond to benzodiazepine therapy for anxiety?
What is the typical timeframe for patients to respond to benzodiazepine therapy for anxiety?
Which of the following is NOT a common compulsion associated with OCD?
Which of the following is NOT a common compulsion associated with OCD?
Which of the following is NOT a crucial aspect of patient education regarding benzodiazepine therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a crucial aspect of patient education regarding benzodiazepine therapy?
What is a key difference between a phobia and a panic attack?
What is a key difference between a phobia and a panic attack?
Why is it important to record baseline vital signs before initiating benzodiazepine therapy?
Why is it important to record baseline vital signs before initiating benzodiazepine therapy?
Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of social phobia?
Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of social phobia?
Which of the following benzodiazepines has an extended-release formulation?
Which of the following benzodiazepines has an extended-release formulation?
Why is a patient's history of blood dyscrasias or hepatic disease relevant before initiating benzodiazepine therapy?
Why is a patient's history of blood dyscrasias or hepatic disease relevant before initiating benzodiazepine therapy?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the frequency of anxiety disorders in men and women?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the frequency of anxiety disorders in men and women?
Which of the following is NOT a common psychiatric disorder that patients with generalized anxiety disorder may develop?
Which of the following is NOT a common psychiatric disorder that patients with generalized anxiety disorder may develop?
What is the recommended nursing intervention for patients taking benzodiazepines to enhance their understanding of the medication?
What is the recommended nursing intervention for patients taking benzodiazepines to enhance their understanding of the medication?
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of benzodiazepines that should be monitored for?
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of benzodiazepines that should be monitored for?
What is the primary feature that distinguishes OCD from anxiety disorders?
What is the primary feature that distinguishes OCD from anxiety disorders?
Which of the following statements about benzodiazepine therapy is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about benzodiazepine therapy is TRUE?
What is an example of a simple phobia?
What is an example of a simple phobia?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of obsessions in OCD?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of obsessions in OCD?
How do compulsions in OCD relate to obsessions?
How do compulsions in OCD relate to obsessions?
Which of the following is a TRUE statement about the prevalence of OCD?
Which of the following is a TRUE statement about the prevalence of OCD?
How do panic attacks differ from anxiety caused by phobias?
How do panic attacks differ from anxiety caused by phobias?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder?
Which of the following is NOT considered a possible trigger for exacerbations in generalized anxiety disorder?
Which of the following is NOT considered a possible trigger for exacerbations in generalized anxiety disorder?
Which of the following is a possible adverse effect of Ativan (lorazepam) use?
Which of the following is a possible adverse effect of Ativan (lorazepam) use?
A patient experiencing a panic attack lasting over 15 minutes is being admitted to a mental health unit. Which of the following assessments would be MOST relevant to prioritize in this scenario?
A patient experiencing a panic attack lasting over 15 minutes is being admitted to a mental health unit. Which of the following assessments would be MOST relevant to prioritize in this scenario?
Which of the following drug classes is NOT commonly used in the treatment of anxiety disorders?
Which of the following drug classes is NOT commonly used in the treatment of anxiety disorders?
A patient on Ativan (lorazepam) reports feeling lightheaded and experiencing blurred vision. Which of the following actions should the nurse prioritize?
A patient on Ativan (lorazepam) reports feeling lightheaded and experiencing blurred vision. Which of the following actions should the nurse prioritize?
Which of the following scenarios is MOST likely to be indicative of a phobic disorder?
Which of the following scenarios is MOST likely to be indicative of a phobic disorder?
Which of the following statements made by a patient taking lorazepam (Ativan) for anxiety indicates a need for further teaching?
Which of the following statements made by a patient taking lorazepam (Ativan) for anxiety indicates a need for further teaching?
While assessing a patient with an anxiety disorder, the nurse observes that the patient frequently performs repetitive hand-washing rituals. Which of the following would be the MOST relevant assessment category?
While assessing a patient with an anxiety disorder, the nurse observes that the patient frequently performs repetitive hand-washing rituals. Which of the following would be the MOST relevant assessment category?
A patient is experiencing severe anxiety related to their upcoming surgery. Which of the following nursing interventions would be LEAST helpful in managing this anxiety?
A patient is experiencing severe anxiety related to their upcoming surgery. Which of the following nursing interventions would be LEAST helpful in managing this anxiety?
Which of the following nursing actions is a priority when providing care for a patient with anxiety?
Which of the following nursing actions is a priority when providing care for a patient with anxiety?
A patient experiencing a panic attack is exhibiting hyperventilation, dizziness, and a racing heart. Which of the following nursing actions would be MOST appropriate?
A patient experiencing a panic attack is exhibiting hyperventilation, dizziness, and a racing heart. Which of the following nursing actions would be MOST appropriate?
Which of the following drug classes can be used for the treatment of both generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder?
Which of the following drug classes can be used for the treatment of both generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder?
A patient with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is also experiencing insomnia. Which of the following non-pharmacological interventions would be LEAST helpful in promoting sleep?
A patient with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is also experiencing insomnia. Which of the following non-pharmacological interventions would be LEAST helpful in promoting sleep?
Which of the following would be considered a potential trigger for a panic attack?
Which of the following would be considered a potential trigger for a panic attack?
Which of the following is a common symptom of a panic attack?
Which of the following is a common symptom of a panic attack?
A patient with a panic disorder is being treated with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Which of the following nursing interventions would be MOST important?
A patient with a panic disorder is being treated with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Which of the following nursing interventions would be MOST important?
Flashcards
Anxiety
Anxiety
An unpleasant feeling of apprehension or nervousness due to perceived danger.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Persistent and excessive worry about various aspects of life.
Panic Disorder
Panic Disorder
Unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear or discomfort.
Phobias
Phobias
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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Anxiolytics
Anxiolytics
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Tranquilizers
Tranquilizers
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Psychological Dependence
Psychological Dependence
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Symptoms of GAD
Symptoms of GAD
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Age of Onset for GAD
Age of Onset for GAD
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Panic Attack Symptoms
Panic Attack Symptoms
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Average Onset Age for Panic Disorder
Average Onset Age for Panic Disorder
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Social Phobia
Social Phobia
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Simple Phobia
Simple Phobia
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Obsessions in OCD
Obsessions in OCD
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Compulsions in OCD
Compulsions in OCD
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Genetic Factors in Anxiety Disorders
Genetic Factors in Anxiety Disorders
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Relapsing Nature of Panic Disorder
Relapsing Nature of Panic Disorder
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Separation of OCRDs and Anxiety Disorders
Separation of OCRDs and Anxiety Disorders
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Altered Thinking
Altered Thinking
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Psychomotor Functions
Psychomotor Functions
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Obsessions
Obsessions
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Compulsions
Compulsions
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Sleep Pattern
Sleep Pattern
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Escalating Anxiety
Escalating Anxiety
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Patient Environment
Patient Environment
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Therapeutic Communication
Therapeutic Communication
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Coping Skills
Coping Skills
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Self-Care Activities
Self-Care Activities
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Patient Education
Patient Education
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Relaxation Techniques
Relaxation Techniques
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Goal Setting
Goal Setting
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Trusting Relationship
Trusting Relationship
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Medication Information
Medication Information
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Anxiety Treatment Components
Anxiety Treatment Components
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Classes of Medications for Anxiety
Classes of Medications for Anxiety
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Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines
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SSRIs
SSRIs
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Tricyclic Antidepressants
Tricyclic Antidepressants
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Coping Mechanisms
Coping Mechanisms
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Assessment in Anxiety Treatment
Assessment in Anxiety Treatment
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Mood and Affect
Mood and Affect
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Support Groups
Support Groups
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Behavior Therapy
Behavior Therapy
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Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
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FDA Approved Medications
FDA Approved Medications
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Nonpharmacologic interventions
Nonpharmacologic interventions
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Medications compliance
Medications compliance
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GABA-A receptor
GABA-A receptor
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Adverse effects of benzodiazepines
Adverse effects of benzodiazepines
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Withdrawal process
Withdrawal process
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Lorazepam and Oxazepam
Lorazepam and Oxazepam
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Therapeutic outcome of benzodiazepines
Therapeutic outcome of benzodiazepines
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Important premedication assessments
Important premedication assessments
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Oxazepam and Lorazepam Uses
Oxazepam and Lorazepam Uses
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Side effects of Benzodiazepines
Side effects of Benzodiazepines
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Patient Self-Assessment Form
Patient Self-Assessment Form
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Pregnancy and Benzodiazepines
Pregnancy and Benzodiazepines
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Injection route for Benzodiazepines
Injection route for Benzodiazepines
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Buspirone
Buspirone
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Primary Therapeutic Outcome of Buspirone
Primary Therapeutic Outcome of Buspirone
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Buspirone Dosing
Buspirone Dosing
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Common Adverse Effects of Buspirone
Common Adverse Effects of Buspirone
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Buspirone Drug Interactions
Buspirone Drug Interactions
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Fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine
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Primary Therapeutic Outcome of Fluvoxamine
Primary Therapeutic Outcome of Fluvoxamine
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Hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine
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Hydroxyzine Uses
Hydroxyzine Uses
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Hydroxyzine Dosing
Hydroxyzine Dosing
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Adverse Effects of Hydroxyzine
Adverse Effects of Hydroxyzine
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Sedation Monitoring
Sedation Monitoring
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Grapefruit Juice Interaction
Grapefruit Juice Interaction
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Rifampin Interaction
Rifampin Interaction
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Sedation Safety Protocols
Sedation Safety Protocols
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Lorazepam
Lorazepam
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Oxazepam
Oxazepam
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Dependence
Dependence
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Withdrawal symptoms
Withdrawal symptoms
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Accurate Monitoring
Accurate Monitoring
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Adverse effects
Adverse effects
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GABA receptors
GABA receptors
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Hepatotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity
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Drug interactions
Drug interactions
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Azaspirones
Azaspirones
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Quick acetaminophen
Quick acetaminophen
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Gradual withdrawal
Gradual withdrawal
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Mucosal Dryness
Mucosal Dryness
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Stool Softeners
Stool Softeners
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Excessive Dosing Symptoms
Excessive Dosing Symptoms
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
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Panic Attack Duration
Panic Attack Duration
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Evaluation of Anxious Patients
Evaluation of Anxious Patients
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Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
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Role of Nurses in Anxiety Treatment
Role of Nurses in Anxiety Treatment
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Mazicon for Benzodiazepines
Mazicon for Benzodiazepines
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Mental Status Assessment Components
Mental Status Assessment Components
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Phobic Disorder
Phobic Disorder
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Treatment
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Treatment
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Common Anxiety Disorders
Common Anxiety Disorders
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Anxiety and Medical Conditions
Anxiety and Medical Conditions
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Study Notes
Anxiety Disorders Overview
- Anxiety is a normal human emotion, similar to fear, a feeling of apprehension or nervousness caused by perceived danger threatening security.
- Mild anxiety is a heightened awareness, beneficial for motivating adaptive action
- Anxiety disorders arise when responses to stress are abnormal, irrational, and impair daily life.
- 16% of the population experiences anxiety disorders at some point.
- Onset is typically before age 30, more common in women.
- Anxiety can be a primary symptom of other conditions like schizophrenia, mania, depression, dementia, and substance abuse.
Types of Anxiety Disorders
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Excessive, unrealistic worry about two or more life circumstances for 6 months or more. Symptoms are psychological (tension, fear, concentration issues) and physical (tachycardia, sweating, GI upset). Onset is gradual, typically ages 20-30. More frequent in women. Chronic and fluctuating.
- Panic Disorder: Sudden surge of intense fear or discomfort peaking within minutes. At least four symptoms (palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, etc.). Average onset in early twenties, often relapsing, may require lifelong treatment. More common in women. Genetic predisposition evident in relatives. Spontaneous attacks, which over time may become linked to specific situations.
- Phobias: Irrational fears of specific objects, activities, or situations. The feared object or situation is recognized as unreasonable. Symptoms include panic, sweating, and tachycardia. Avoidance is a key characteristic. Social phobias involve fear of scrutiny in social situations. Simple phobias are fears of specific objects (e.g., heights, enclosed spaces).
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRDs): Includes OCD. Marked by recurrent obsessions (unwanted thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors). Obsessions lead to immense anxiety, while compulsions are performed to reduce it. Average onset in late adolescence to early 20s, more common in men.
Drug Therapy for Anxiety
- Many medications treat anxiety, ranging from sedatives to more specific anti-anxiety agents.
- Benzodiazepines are a common class used for their effectiveness, less interactivity, lower overdose risk, and lower abuse potential.
- SSRIs, SNRIs, and tricyclic antidepressants are also used.
- Treatment frequently combines medication and non-pharmacological therapies.
- Drug selection depends on metabolism and patient factors.
Benzodiazepines
- Commonly used for anxiety due to consistency, safety, and reduced abuse potential.
- Used in anxiety reactions, and some medical anxiety.
- Rapid effectiveness (generally 1 week).
- Potential for physical and psychological dependence if taken long-term.
- Withdrawal can be problematic and should be managed gradually.
- Category D/X pregnancy risk, not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Buspirone
- Azaspirone class, not a benzodiazepine.
- Gradual onset (7-10 days for initial improvement, 3-4 weeks for optimal).
- Less sedative than benzodiazepines; doesn't affect psychomotor function.
- Not a controlled substance.
Other Agents
- Fluvoxamine: Used for OCD, reduces symptom severity but not the thoughts.
- Hydroxyzine: Antihistamine with antianxiety effects, also used as a sedative pre/post-op.
Nursing Implications
- Assessment: Comprehensive history, including precipitating factors, medication use, medical history, and mental status (appearance, orientation, mood, thought processes, psychomotor function, etc.). Assess coping mechanisms.
- Implementation: Create a safe, structured environment, establish trust, reduce stimulation, encourage expression of feelings, and monitor carefully for potential harm. Support the use of coping skills.
- Education: Orient patients, explain treatment details and benefits, highlight non-pharmacological interventions, and monitor for adverse effects. Gradually wean from benzodiazepines.
Adverse Effects
- Benzodiazepines: Drowsiness, hangover, sedation, lethargy, blurred vision, hypotension. Potential for psychological dependence and severe withdrawal reactions with rapid cessation. Blood dyscrasias, hepatotoxicity (liver damage), and drug interactions are also risks.
- Buspirone: Dizziness, insomnia, nervousness, drowsiness, lightheadedness
- Other agents: Specific adverse effects associated with their role and use.
Important Considerations/Key Points
- Drug interactions are relevant for all agents.
- Baseline assessments are pivotal to measure treatment responses.
- Patient education is key to improving adherence to treatment plans.
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