Anxiety Disorders

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What is the difference between fear and anxiety?

Fear is a response to a real threat, while anxiety is a response to an imagined threat (correct)

Fear is a cognitive response, while anxiety is an emotional response

Fear is a physiological response, while anxiety is a psychological response

Fear is a response to a threat in the past, while anxiety is a response to a threat in the future

What is a common behavioral characteristic of anxiety disorders?

Impulsivity and recklessness

Aggressive behavior

Compulsive behavior

Avoidance and cautious behavior (correct)

What is a key way to differentiate between anxiety disorders?

By the objects or situations that trigger anxiety (correct)

By the presence or absence of panic attacks

By the age of onset

By the severity of symptoms

What is a characteristic of panic attacks?

They are a type of anxiety response that can occur in any anxiety disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between anxiety and muscle tension?

Anxiety often accompanies muscle tension Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary difference between worry and obsessive thoughts?

Worry is self-initiated, while obsessive thoughts are unbidden Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

The type of repetitive thoughts they involve Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of worry, according to the text?

To avoid emotional information Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of both worry in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and rumination in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

They both involve repetitive negative thoughts Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

They often co-occur as comorbidities Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people experience at least one panic attack in their lifetime?

28% Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of panic attacks in terms of behavior?

Increased avoidance behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the excessive and persistent worry about having another panic attack?

Panic related worry Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective treatment for panic disorder and agoraphobia?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between panic disorder and physical health?

Panic disorder is associated with reduced physical health Signup and view all the answers

What is the comorbidity pattern of panic disorder?

High comorbidity with anxiety disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between panic disorder and agoraphobia?

Panic disorder is characterized by unexpected panic attacks, while agoraphobia is characterized by avoidance behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the chronicity of panic disorder?

Panic disorder is a chronic condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of panic disorder on daily life?

Panic disorder has a significant impact on daily life, including work and relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between panic disorder and other mental health disorders?

Panic disorder often co-occurs with other anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and substance use disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge in recognizing SAD in older adults?

The focus on somatic symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in determining an individual's susceptibility to SAD?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary basis for the use of social isolation as a punishment in the prison system?

The basic human need for acceptance Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of cognitive models of SAD?

They propose that multiple psychological processes contribute to SAD Signup and view all the answers

What is the comorbidity rate between SAD and anorexia/bulimia?

68-88% Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the decreased oxygen supply during hyperventilation?

Increased oxygen binding to hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for low CO2 levels in the blood?

Hypocapnia Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of chronic hyperventilation on pH levels and cerebral blood flow?

pH levels and cerebral blood flow return to near normal Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between hypocapnia and oxygen binding to hemoglobin?

Hypocapnia increases oxygen binding to hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What are the two processes that contribute to symptoms of dizziness, derealization, and other physiological symptoms during hyperventilation?

Reduced cerebral blood flow and decreased oxygen availability Signup and view all the answers

What determines the impact of stressors on individuals?

How individuals perceive and interpret the stressors Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of unpredictability and lack of control on stressors?

It increases the impact of the stressor Signup and view all the answers

What type of coping method involves changing or eliminating the source of stress?

Problem-focused coping Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of having inadequate coping resources and methods?

Stronger reaction to stressors Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of social support in stress management?

It reduces the impact of stressors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of safety behaviors in individuals with anxiety disorders?

To increase feelings of control in feared situations Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of using safety behaviors during exposure therapy?

Increased anxiety and avoidance behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between safety behaviors and the maintenance of clinical anxiety?

Safety behaviors contribute to the maintenance of clinical anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of distraction on anxiety reduction during exposure therapy?

Distraction is associated with higher anxiety reduction and less avoidance behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of reducing safety behaviors in individuals with anxiety disorders?

Decreased anxiety and catastrophic beliefs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism underlying the paradoxical effects of safety behaviors?

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of attentional processes in the maintenance of anxiety?

Attentional processes contribute to the maintenance of anxiety by interfering with processing of feared information Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of using neutralization strategies to cope with anxiety?

Increased anxiety and avoidance behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies?

Adaptive strategies are more effective in reducing anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary conclusion of research on safety behaviors and anxiety?

Safety behaviors contribute to the maintenance and exacerbation of anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for emotional dysfunction, according to Ellis?

Irrational beliefs that are not empirically supported Signup and view all the answers

What is the term introduced by Ellis to describe a type of secondary stress experienced by individuals with anxiety disorders?

Symptom stress Signup and view all the answers

According to Beck, what is the primary cause of fear and anxiety in individuals?

Dysfunctional schemas related to threats Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of excessive threat appraisals in neutral situations, according to cognitive theories of anxiety?

Excessive anxiety and fear Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of fundamental cognitive psychology, which has influenced cognitive theories of anxiety?

Information processing Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of negatively evaluating one's symptoms, according to Ellis?

Increased anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of primary appraisal in individuals with anxiety disorders?

To assess the perceived likelihood of harm Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of cognitive schemas in individuals with anxiety disorders?

They are more negative, rigid, and less flexible Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of herwaardering in anxiety disorders?

It involves the reappraisal of a situation to reduce anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between anxiety and cognitive schemas?

Anxiety is a result of maladaptive cognitive schemas Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of safety-seeking behavior on anxiety?

It maintains anxiety by preventing the disconfirmation of feared outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between primary and secondary appraisals?

Primary appraisal involves the evaluation of the situation, while secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's ability to cope Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of threat appraisals in individuals with anxiety disorders?

They are overestimated and catastrophic Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of information processing in anxiety disorders?

It involves the automatic processing of information related to threats Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between cognitive schemas and anxiety disorders?

Cognitive schemas are a cause of anxiety disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders?

To change maladaptive cognitive schemas and reduce anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of thought suppression in individuals with anxiety disorders?

It leads to a rebound effect of negative thoughts Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of dysfunctional cognitive coping strategies in anxiety disorders?

They can exacerbate symptoms of anxiety and maintain the disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of safety behaviors in individuals with anxiety disorders?

To reduce anxiety in the short-term Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between cognitive models of anxiety disorders?

They differ in the relative importance they assign to cognitive processes and safety behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of repetitive negative thinking in anxiety disorders?

It maintains negative core beliefs and assumptions Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between cognitive models of anxiety disorders and the treatment of anxiety?

Cognitive models inform the development of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of core beliefs and assumptions in anxiety disorders?

They influence the processing of information and the development of safety behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between worry in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and rumination in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

Worry is focused on the future, while rumination is focused on the past Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of anxiety disorders on daily life?

It interferes with daily activities and relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders?

To update core beliefs and assumptions and reduce safety behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of an overactive warning system on individuals?

Increased risk of developing anxiety disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the associative system in emotional processing?

To facilitate the interpretation and validation of stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of continued collaboration with threatening stimuli?

Increased dominance of threatening information in the rule-based system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of strong automatic associations on anxiety?

Increased risk of persistence, repetition, or development of anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of propositional processing in emotional processing?

To facilitate the interpretation and validation of stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between depression and social anxiety in terms of cognitive distortions?

Depression is characterized by negative self-evaluation, while social anxiety is characterized by fear of negative evaluation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between depressive symptoms and social anxiety in terms of cognitive biases?

Depressive symptoms are independent of social anxiety in terms of cognitive biases, but both are related to general negative biases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of judgmental biases in social anxiety disorder?

Overestimation of the cost of negative events. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary conclusion of the study on depressive symptoms and social anxiety?

Depressive symptoms are related to general negative biases, which can contribute to social anxiety, but are distinct from social anxiety-specific biases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main implication of the study on depressive symptoms and social anxiety?

The distinction between depressive symptoms and social anxiety is important for understanding the underlying cognitive mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of the self-focus- and safety-behavior experiment?

The experiment was only partially successful in reducing safety behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of subsequent procedures in the treatment protocol?

To develop further the patients' ability to make changes in their attention and safety behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of future research as suggested in the text?

To find ways to increase the magnitude of changes in attention and safety behaviors achieved in the experiment Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the partial success of the self-focus- and safety-behavior experiment?

The experiment's results suggest that further development of the patients' abilities is needed Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred from the text about the effectiveness of the experiment?

The experiment was partially effective in reducing anxiety symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between OCD and other anxiety disorders?

OCD is more likely to have a chronic course Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between OCD and depression?

Depression is more likely to develop after OCD Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of OCD in children and adolescents?

Similar to adults Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of early onset of OCD on treatment outcomes?

It decreases the likelihood of full remission Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between comorbidity and treatment outcomes in OCD?

Comorbidity has no effect on treatment outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an individual tries to suppress obsessive thoughts?

The frequency of the thoughts increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of negative evaluation of thoughts in the development of obsessies?

It strengthens the belief that the thought is meaningful and important Signup and view all the answers

What is the problem with using suppression as a strategy to deal with obsessive thoughts?

It prevents habituation to the thought Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of interpreting normal obsessive thoughts as personally significant?

The individual tries to suppress the thoughts, leading to a later increase in thought frequency Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between thought suppression and emotional reactivity?

Thought suppression increases emotional reactivity Signup and view all the answers

What motivates OCD patients to perform compulsive actions?

Need to control internal and diffuse feelings of incompleteness Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between OCD symptoms and other anxiety disorders?

Motivation behind the symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of inducing feelings of incompleteness in OCD patients?

Impulsions and urges to perform compulsive actions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of internal reference criteria in OCD patients?

To strive for perfectness and counteract feelings of incompleteness Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between onvolledigheid (incompleteness) and OCD symptoms?

Incompleteness is a motivator of OCD symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of OCD patients when performing compulsive actions?

To achieve a sense of perfectness Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between obsessions and compulsions in OCD?

Obsessions are thoughts, compulsions are actions Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of studying the relationship between incompleteness and OCD symptoms?

Insight into the motivators of OCD symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sensorische feedback (sensory feedback) in OCD patients?

To counteract feelings of incompleteness Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between perfectionism and OCD symptoms?

Perfectionism is a motivator of OCD symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why people with anxiety disorders tend to avoid certain situations or objects?

Because they have learned to associate those situations or objects with feelings of anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cognition in the development of anxiety disorders?

It interprets ambiguous stimuli as threatening, leading to increased anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between anxiety and learning?

Anxiety is a learned behavior that can be unlearned through therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of genetics in the development of anxiety disorders?

Genetics can contribute to the development of anxiety disorders, but are not the sole cause Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between fear and anxiety?

Fear is a response to a specific stimulus, while anxiety is a general feeling of unease Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common comorbid diagnosis with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS)?

Major depressive disorder (MDD) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS) and acute stress disorder (ASD)?

The duration of symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS) and marital satisfaction?

PTSS is associated with decreased marital satisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of comorbid personality disorders in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS)?

79% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS) and adjustment disorder?

The identification of a specific stressor Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS) and physical health?

PTSS is associated with worsened physical health Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS) and major depressive disorder (MDD)?

The nature of symptoms, with PTSS characterized by hyperarousal and MDD characterized by anhedonia Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS) in individuals with a history of trauma?

59% Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS) and social relationships?

PTSS is associated with worsened social relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of diagnosis in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS)?

To develop an effective treatment plan Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of adding IR to IE treatment for PTSS symptoms?

It focuses on a broader range of PTSS-related variables Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why therapists prefer a combination of IE and IR treatment over IE alone?

Due to personal and therapeutic reasons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of adding IR to IE treatment for PTSS patients?

A significant decrease in dropout rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of IR treatment that makes it particularly useful for PTSS patients with accident trauma?

It is particularly useful for PTSS patients with accident trauma Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of IE treatment for PTSS symptoms?

To reduce symptomatology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of autobiographical memory in everyday tasks?

To reduce the unintentional retrieval of past experiences while performing daily tasks Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of strong S-S and S-R associations in PTSD?

Increased likelihood of unintentional recall of traumatic events Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the two routes for retrieving autobiographical information?

One route involves direct triggering, while the other involves higher-order, meaning-based strategies Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of perceptual priming in PTSD?

Increased likelihood of unintentional recall of traumatic events Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary problem in persistent PTSD?

Poor integration of traumatic events into autobiographical memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of S-S and S-R associations in learning?

To help the organism make predictions about what will happen Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of not finding the cause of re-experiencing symptoms?

Difficulty learning that there is no danger when exposed to triggers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of autobiographical memory in PTSD?

Disorganized and difficult to retrieve Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the autobiographical memory system?

To reduce the unintentional retrieval of past experiences while performing daily tasks Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of strong perceptual priming in PTSD?

Direct triggering of traumatic memories Signup and view all the answers

What is the strongest predictor of the development of psychopathology, particularly PTSS, in individuals who have experienced trauma?

Childhood abuse, particularly sexual or physical Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the phase-based approach in treating trauma-related psychopathology?

To improve emotional regulation and interpersonal skills Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which imagery rescripting (IR) is thought to reduce symptoms of PTSS?

By modifying the traumatic memory's narrative structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using imagery rescripting (IR) as a standalone treatment for PTSS?

It is less distressing than traditional exposure therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of the imagery rescripting (IR) treatment protocol?

Significant reduction in PTSS symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which oogbewegingen are thought to influence flash-forwards and flashbacks?

By increasing the degree of work memory load Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of imagery rescripting for OCD patients?

To improve the processing of emotional experiences and reduce OCD symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of intrusive images in OCD patients?

They are linked to a sense of responsibility and self-blame Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of imagery rescripting treatment for OCD patients?

A significant reduction in OCD symptoms and improvement in emotional processing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of oogbewegingen in EMDR therapy?

To reduce the degree of work memory load and improve emotional processing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of aversive memories in OCD patients?

They are highly emotional and distressing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which imagery rescripting reduces OCD symptoms?

By improving the processing of emotional experiences and reducing negative cognitions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of using imagery rescripting treatment for OCD patients?