Anxiety Disorders

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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between fear and anxiety?

  • Fear is a response to a real threat, while anxiety is a response to an imagined threat (correct)
  • Fear is a cognitive response, while anxiety is an emotional response
  • Fear is a physiological response, while anxiety is a psychological response
  • Fear is a response to a threat in the past, while anxiety is a response to a threat in the future

What is a common behavioral characteristic of anxiety disorders?

  • Impulsivity and recklessness
  • Aggressive behavior
  • Compulsive behavior
  • Avoidance and cautious behavior (correct)

What is a key way to differentiate between anxiety disorders?

  • By the objects or situations that trigger anxiety (correct)
  • By the presence or absence of panic attacks
  • By the age of onset
  • By the severity of symptoms

What is a characteristic of panic attacks?

<p>They are a type of anxiety response that can occur in any anxiety disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between anxiety and muscle tension?

<p>Anxiety often accompanies muscle tension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary difference between worry and obsessive thoughts?

<p>Worry is self-initiated, while obsessive thoughts are unbidden (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

<p>The type of repetitive thoughts they involve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of worry, according to the text?

<p>To avoid emotional information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of both worry in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and rumination in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

<p>They both involve repetitive negative thoughts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

<p>They often co-occur as comorbidities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people experience at least one panic attack in their lifetime?

<p>28% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of panic attacks in terms of behavior?

<p>Increased avoidance behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the excessive and persistent worry about having another panic attack?

<p>Panic related worry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective treatment for panic disorder and agoraphobia?

<p>Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between panic disorder and physical health?

<p>Panic disorder is associated with reduced physical health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the comorbidity pattern of panic disorder?

<p>High comorbidity with anxiety disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between panic disorder and agoraphobia?

<p>Panic disorder is characterized by unexpected panic attacks, while agoraphobia is characterized by avoidance behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chronicity of panic disorder?

<p>Panic disorder is a chronic condition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of panic disorder on daily life?

<p>Panic disorder has a significant impact on daily life, including work and relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between panic disorder and other mental health disorders?

<p>Panic disorder often co-occurs with other anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and substance use disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge in recognizing SAD in older adults?

<p>The focus on somatic symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in determining an individual's susceptibility to SAD?

<p>Genetic predisposition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary basis for the use of social isolation as a punishment in the prison system?

<p>The basic human need for acceptance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of cognitive models of SAD?

<p>They propose that multiple psychological processes contribute to SAD (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the comorbidity rate between SAD and anorexia/bulimia?

<p>68-88% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the decreased oxygen supply during hyperventilation?

<p>Increased oxygen binding to hemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for low CO2 levels in the blood?

<p>Hypocapnia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of chronic hyperventilation on pH levels and cerebral blood flow?

<p>pH levels and cerebral blood flow return to near normal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between hypocapnia and oxygen binding to hemoglobin?

<p>Hypocapnia increases oxygen binding to hemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two processes that contribute to symptoms of dizziness, derealization, and other physiological symptoms during hyperventilation?

<p>Reduced cerebral blood flow and decreased oxygen availability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the impact of stressors on individuals?

<p>How individuals perceive and interpret the stressors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of unpredictability and lack of control on stressors?

<p>It increases the impact of the stressor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of coping method involves changing or eliminating the source of stress?

<p>Problem-focused coping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of having inadequate coping resources and methods?

<p>Stronger reaction to stressors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of social support in stress management?

<p>It reduces the impact of stressors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of safety behaviors in individuals with anxiety disorders?

<p>To increase feelings of control in feared situations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of using safety behaviors during exposure therapy?

<p>Increased anxiety and avoidance behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between safety behaviors and the maintenance of clinical anxiety?

<p>Safety behaviors contribute to the maintenance of clinical anxiety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of distraction on anxiety reduction during exposure therapy?

<p>Distraction is associated with higher anxiety reduction and less avoidance behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of reducing safety behaviors in individuals with anxiety disorders?

<p>Decreased anxiety and catastrophic beliefs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism underlying the paradoxical effects of safety behaviors?

<p>Negative reinforcement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of attentional processes in the maintenance of anxiety?

<p>Attentional processes contribute to the maintenance of anxiety by interfering with processing of feared information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of using neutralization strategies to cope with anxiety?

<p>Increased anxiety and avoidance behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies?

<p>Adaptive strategies are more effective in reducing anxiety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary conclusion of research on safety behaviors and anxiety?

<p>Safety behaviors contribute to the maintenance and exacerbation of anxiety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for emotional dysfunction, according to Ellis?

<p>Irrational beliefs that are not empirically supported (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term introduced by Ellis to describe a type of secondary stress experienced by individuals with anxiety disorders?

<p>Symptom stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Beck, what is the primary cause of fear and anxiety in individuals?

<p>Dysfunctional schemas related to threats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of excessive threat appraisals in neutral situations, according to cognitive theories of anxiety?

<p>Excessive anxiety and fear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of fundamental cognitive psychology, which has influenced cognitive theories of anxiety?

<p>Information processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of negatively evaluating one's symptoms, according to Ellis?

<p>Increased anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of primary appraisal in individuals with anxiety disorders?

<p>To assess the perceived likelihood of harm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of cognitive schemas in individuals with anxiety disorders?

<p>They are more negative, rigid, and less flexible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of herwaardering in anxiety disorders?

<p>It involves the reappraisal of a situation to reduce anxiety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between anxiety and cognitive schemas?

<p>Anxiety is a result of maladaptive cognitive schemas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of safety-seeking behavior on anxiety?

<p>It maintains anxiety by preventing the disconfirmation of feared outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between primary and secondary appraisals?

<p>Primary appraisal involves the evaluation of the situation, while secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's ability to cope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of threat appraisals in individuals with anxiety disorders?

<p>They are overestimated and catastrophic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of information processing in anxiety disorders?

<p>It involves the automatic processing of information related to threats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between cognitive schemas and anxiety disorders?

<p>Cognitive schemas are a cause of anxiety disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders?

<p>To change maladaptive cognitive schemas and reduce anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of thought suppression in individuals with anxiety disorders?

<p>It leads to a rebound effect of negative thoughts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of dysfunctional cognitive coping strategies in anxiety disorders?

<p>They can exacerbate symptoms of anxiety and maintain the disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of safety behaviors in individuals with anxiety disorders?

<p>To reduce anxiety in the short-term (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between cognitive models of anxiety disorders?

<p>They differ in the relative importance they assign to cognitive processes and safety behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of repetitive negative thinking in anxiety disorders?

<p>It maintains negative core beliefs and assumptions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between cognitive models of anxiety disorders and the treatment of anxiety?

<p>Cognitive models inform the development of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of core beliefs and assumptions in anxiety disorders?

<p>They influence the processing of information and the development of safety behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between worry in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and rumination in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

<p>Worry is focused on the future, while rumination is focused on the past (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of anxiety disorders on daily life?

<p>It interferes with daily activities and relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders?

<p>To update core beliefs and assumptions and reduce safety behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of an overactive warning system on individuals?

<p>Increased risk of developing anxiety disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the associative system in emotional processing?

<p>To facilitate the interpretation and validation of stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of continued collaboration with threatening stimuli?

<p>Increased dominance of threatening information in the rule-based system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of strong automatic associations on anxiety?

<p>Increased risk of persistence, repetition, or development of anxiety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of propositional processing in emotional processing?

<p>To facilitate the interpretation and validation of stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between depression and social anxiety in terms of cognitive distortions?

<p>Depression is characterized by negative self-evaluation, while social anxiety is characterized by fear of negative evaluation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between depressive symptoms and social anxiety in terms of cognitive biases?

<p>Depressive symptoms are independent of social anxiety in terms of cognitive biases, but both are related to general negative biases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of judgmental biases in social anxiety disorder?

<p>Overestimation of the cost of negative events. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary conclusion of the study on depressive symptoms and social anxiety?

<p>Depressive symptoms are related to general negative biases, which can contribute to social anxiety, but are distinct from social anxiety-specific biases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main implication of the study on depressive symptoms and social anxiety?

<p>The distinction between depressive symptoms and social anxiety is important for understanding the underlying cognitive mechanisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of the self-focus- and safety-behavior experiment?

<p>The experiment was only partially successful in reducing safety behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of subsequent procedures in the treatment protocol?

<p>To develop further the patients' ability to make changes in their attention and safety behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of future research as suggested in the text?

<p>To find ways to increase the magnitude of changes in attention and safety behaviors achieved in the experiment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the partial success of the self-focus- and safety-behavior experiment?

<p>The experiment's results suggest that further development of the patients' abilities is needed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred from the text about the effectiveness of the experiment?

<p>The experiment was partially effective in reducing anxiety symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between OCD and other anxiety disorders?

<p>OCD is more likely to have a chronic course (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between OCD and depression?

<p>Depression is more likely to develop after OCD (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of OCD in children and adolescents?

<p>Similar to adults (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of early onset of OCD on treatment outcomes?

<p>It decreases the likelihood of full remission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between comorbidity and treatment outcomes in OCD?

<p>Comorbidity has no effect on treatment outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an individual tries to suppress obsessive thoughts?

<p>The frequency of the thoughts increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of negative evaluation of thoughts in the development of obsessies?

<p>It strengthens the belief that the thought is meaningful and important (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the problem with using suppression as a strategy to deal with obsessive thoughts?

<p>It prevents habituation to the thought (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of interpreting normal obsessive thoughts as personally significant?

<p>The individual tries to suppress the thoughts, leading to a later increase in thought frequency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between thought suppression and emotional reactivity?

<p>Thought suppression increases emotional reactivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivates OCD patients to perform compulsive actions?

<p>Need to control internal and diffuse feelings of incompleteness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between OCD symptoms and other anxiety disorders?

<p>Motivation behind the symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of inducing feelings of incompleteness in OCD patients?

<p>Impulsions and urges to perform compulsive actions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of internal reference criteria in OCD patients?

<p>To strive for perfectness and counteract feelings of incompleteness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between onvolledigheid (incompleteness) and OCD symptoms?

<p>Incompleteness is a motivator of OCD symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of OCD patients when performing compulsive actions?

<p>To achieve a sense of perfectness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between obsessions and compulsions in OCD?

<p>Obsessions are thoughts, compulsions are actions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of studying the relationship between incompleteness and OCD symptoms?

<p>Insight into the motivators of OCD symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sensorische feedback (sensory feedback) in OCD patients?

<p>To counteract feelings of incompleteness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between perfectionism and OCD symptoms?

<p>Perfectionism is a motivator of OCD symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why people with anxiety disorders tend to avoid certain situations or objects?

<p>Because they have learned to associate those situations or objects with feelings of anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cognition in the development of anxiety disorders?

<p>It interprets ambiguous stimuli as threatening, leading to increased anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between anxiety and learning?

<p>Anxiety is a learned behavior that can be unlearned through therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of genetics in the development of anxiety disorders?

<p>Genetics can contribute to the development of anxiety disorders, but are not the sole cause (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between fear and anxiety?

<p>Fear is a response to a specific stimulus, while anxiety is a general feeling of unease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common comorbid diagnosis with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS)?

<p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS) and acute stress disorder (ASD)?

<p>The duration of symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS) and marital satisfaction?

<p>PTSS is associated with decreased marital satisfaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of comorbid personality disorders in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS)?

<p>79% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS) and adjustment disorder?

<p>The identification of a specific stressor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS) and physical health?

<p>PTSS is associated with worsened physical health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS) and major depressive disorder (MDD)?

<p>The nature of symptoms, with PTSS characterized by hyperarousal and MDD characterized by anhedonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS) in individuals with a history of trauma?

<p>59% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS) and social relationships?

<p>PTSS is associated with worsened social relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of diagnosis in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSS)?

<p>To develop an effective treatment plan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of adding IR to IE treatment for PTSS symptoms?

<p>It focuses on a broader range of PTSS-related variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why therapists prefer a combination of IE and IR treatment over IE alone?

<p>Due to personal and therapeutic reasons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of adding IR to IE treatment for PTSS patients?

<p>A significant decrease in dropout rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of IR treatment that makes it particularly useful for PTSS patients with accident trauma?

<p>It is particularly useful for PTSS patients with accident trauma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of IE treatment for PTSS symptoms?

<p>To reduce symptomatology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of autobiographical memory in everyday tasks?

<p>To reduce the unintentional retrieval of past experiences while performing daily tasks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of strong S-S and S-R associations in PTSD?

<p>Increased likelihood of unintentional recall of traumatic events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the two routes for retrieving autobiographical information?

<p>One route involves direct triggering, while the other involves higher-order, meaning-based strategies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of perceptual priming in PTSD?

<p>Increased likelihood of unintentional recall of traumatic events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary problem in persistent PTSD?

<p>Poor integration of traumatic events into autobiographical memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of S-S and S-R associations in learning?

<p>To help the organism make predictions about what will happen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of not finding the cause of re-experiencing symptoms?

<p>Difficulty learning that there is no danger when exposed to triggers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of autobiographical memory in PTSD?

<p>Disorganized and difficult to retrieve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the autobiographical memory system?

<p>To reduce the unintentional retrieval of past experiences while performing daily tasks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of strong perceptual priming in PTSD?

<p>Direct triggering of traumatic memories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the strongest predictor of the development of psychopathology, particularly PTSS, in individuals who have experienced trauma?

<p>Childhood abuse, particularly sexual or physical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the phase-based approach in treating trauma-related psychopathology?

<p>To improve emotional regulation and interpersonal skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which imagery rescripting (IR) is thought to reduce symptoms of PTSS?

<p>By modifying the traumatic memory's narrative structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using imagery rescripting (IR) as a standalone treatment for PTSS?

<p>It is less distressing than traditional exposure therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of the imagery rescripting (IR) treatment protocol?

<p>Significant reduction in PTSS symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which oogbewegingen are thought to influence flash-forwards and flashbacks?

<p>By increasing the degree of work memory load (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of imagery rescripting for OCD patients?

<p>To improve the processing of emotional experiences and reduce OCD symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of intrusive images in OCD patients?

<p>They are linked to a sense of responsibility and self-blame (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of imagery rescripting treatment for OCD patients?

<p>A significant reduction in OCD symptoms and improvement in emotional processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of oogbewegingen in EMDR therapy?

<p>To reduce the degree of work memory load and improve emotional processing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of aversive memories in OCD patients?

<p>They are highly emotional and distressing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which imagery rescripting reduces OCD symptoms?

<p>By improving the processing of emotional experiences and reducing negative cognitions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of using imagery rescripting treatment for OCD patients?

<p>A significant reduction in OCD symptoms and improvement in emotional processing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of imagery in OCD patients?

<p>It is a manifestation of underlying emotional experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the relationship between intrusive images and compulsive behaviors in OCD patients?

<p>Intrusive images trigger compulsive behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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