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Questions and Answers
Which anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive anxiety when separated from the home environment or a person with a strong attachment?
Which anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive anxiety when separated from the home environment or a person with a strong attachment?
What percentage of anxiety disorder development is attributed to genetic factors?
What percentage of anxiety disorder development is attributed to genetic factors?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
Which anxiety disorder is often concurrent with Social Anxiety Disorder?
Which anxiety disorder is often concurrent with Social Anxiety Disorder?
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What is the primary psychotherapy recommended for anxiety disorders?
What is the primary psychotherapy recommended for anxiety disorders?
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Which medication is used in acute stressful states, but not recommended for long-term use?
Which medication is used in acute stressful states, but not recommended for long-term use?
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What is a common symptom of Agoraphobia?
What is a common symptom of Agoraphobia?
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Which anxiety disorder is commonly seen in children and can persist into adulthood?
Which anxiety disorder is commonly seen in children and can persist into adulthood?
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What is a characteristic of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
What is a characteristic of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
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Which of the following is NOT a treatment for anxiety disorders?
Which of the following is NOT a treatment for anxiety disorders?
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Which anxiety disorder is characterized by unwanted and disturbing intrusive thoughts?
Which anxiety disorder is characterized by unwanted and disturbing intrusive thoughts?
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What is the primary distinction between anxiety as a normal human emotion and anxiety disorders?
What is the primary distinction between anxiety as a normal human emotion and anxiety disorders?
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What is the estimated percentage of adults affected by Generalized Anxiety Disorder at some point in their lives?
What is the estimated percentage of adults affected by Generalized Anxiety Disorder at some point in their lives?
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What is the primary characteristic of specific phobias?
What is the primary characteristic of specific phobias?
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What is the common symptom of anxiety disorders that involves physical manifestations?
What is the common symptom of anxiety disorders that involves physical manifestations?
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What is the term for the experience of recurrent panic attacks in a specific scenario?
What is the term for the experience of recurrent panic attacks in a specific scenario?
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What is the characteristic of anxiety disorders that involves avoiding certain situations or objects?
What is the characteristic of anxiety disorders that involves avoiding certain situations or objects?
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What is the primary distinction between anxiety disorders and normal human emotions?
What is the primary distinction between anxiety disorders and normal human emotions?
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What is the characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder that involves difficulty concentrating?
What is the characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder that involves difficulty concentrating?
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What is the term for the feeling of apprehension, uncertainty, and uneasiness in anticipation of a real or perceived threat?
What is the term for the feeling of apprehension, uncertainty, and uneasiness in anticipation of a real or perceived threat?
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What is the common symptom of anxiety disorders that involves a feeling of restlessness?
What is the common symptom of anxiety disorders that involves a feeling of restlessness?
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Study Notes
Anxiety Emotions
- Anxiety is a normal human emotion in some situations, like before an exam or a job interview.
- It is defined as a state of apprehension, uncertainty, and uneasiness in anticipation of a real or perceived threat.
Anxiety Disorders
- Anxiety disorders are a group of specific mental disorders characterized by significant and uncontrollable anxiety.
- They affect up to one in three adults at some point in their lives.
- Common symptoms between anxiety disorders include:
- Panic feelings of doom and restlessness
- Fear
- Avoidance behavior
- Muscle tension
- Physical manifestations like tachycardia, palpitations, sweating, trembling, and abdominal pain
- Chronic presence and manifestation as feeling on edge, easily fatigued, irritable, with difficulty concentrating and controlling worries
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Defined by the DSM-5 as excessive anxiety or worry about multiple different things on most days for more than six months.
- Characteristics include:
- Restlessness
- Fatigue
- Ability to reduce concentration
- Irritability
- Muscle tension
- Poor sleep
- Inability to manage worry
- Impairment in daily functioning
- Estimated to affect around 9% of adults at some point in their lives.
Specific Phobias
- Characterized by having fear or anxiety when exposed to a specific object or situation.
- Reaction is persistent, and people with true phobias will go out of their way to avoid exposure.
- Common phobias include:
- Fear of heights
- Fear of spiders
- Fear of snakes
- Fear of flying
Panic Disorder
- Form of anxiety where people experience recurrent panic attacks.
- Triggers can occur in specific scenarios, including irrational thoughts.
- Characteristics include:
- Recurrent panic attacks
- Worrying about additional attacks or implications
- Change in behavior to try to avoid attacks
- Four of the following symptoms need to be present:
- Sudden surge of fear or physical discomfort
- Panic attacks
Agoraphobia and Social Phobia
- Agoraphobia: characterized by anxiety when in situations or places that are perceived to be unsafe.
- Social Phobia (renamed Social Anxiety Disorder): fear or anxiety in social or performance situations.
- Common symptoms include:
- Fear of humiliation, rejection, or embarrassment
- Exposure to social situations triggers anxiety
- Avoidance of social situations
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Result of trauma, commonly sexual assault, war, or natural disasters.
- Additional symptoms include:
- Recurrent thoughts related to the trauma
- Distressing nightmares
- Dissociative reactions like flashbacks
- Hyper-vigilance
Separation Anxiety Disorder
- Excessive anxiety when separated from the home environment or a person with a strong attachment.
- Characteristics include:
- Distress caused is excessive and doesn't correspond with the expected level of development.
- Clinging to parents, crying to the extent of severe pain.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Characterized by unwanted and disturbing intrusive thoughts (obsessions) combined with repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that help relieve these obsessive thoughts and associated emotional distress.
- Examples of compulsions include:
- Pacing
- Turning switches on and off
- Counting
- Muttering words
Selective Mutism
- Characterized by the ability to speak but becomes anxious to the point of being unable to speak in certain situations.
- Commonly diagnosed in older children and can persist into adulthood.
- Often concurrent with social anxiety disorder.
Causes of Anxiety Disorders
- Combination of genetic and environmental influences.
- Genetic factors make up around 30% of the development.
- Environmental factors include:
- Childhood adversities
- Past trauma
- Socio-demographic factors
- Females are more affected than males, with unknown reasons.
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
- Combination of psychotherapy (primarily cognitive behavioral therapy) and medication.
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is recommended in nearly each disorder.
- Medications include:
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
- Other agents like buspirone and pregabalin
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- Benzodiazepines (used in acute stressful states, but not recommended for long-term use)
Anxiety Emotions
- Anxiety is a normal human emotion in certain situations, characterized by apprehension, uncertainty, and uneasiness in anticipation of a real or perceived threat.
Anxiety Disorders
- A group of mental disorders characterized by significant and uncontrollable anxiety, affecting up to one in three adults at some point in their lives.
- Common symptoms include:
- Panic feelings of doom and restlessness
- Fear
- Avoidance behavior
- Muscle tension
- Physical manifestations like tachycardia, palpitations, sweating, trembling, and abdominal pain
- Chronic presence and manifestation as feeling on edge, easily fatigued, irritable, with difficulty concentrating and controlling worries
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Excessive anxiety or worry about multiple things on most days for more than six months, affecting around 9% of adults at some point in their lives.
- Characteristics include:
- Restlessness
- Fatigue
- Ability to reduce concentration
- Irritability
- Muscle tension
- Poor sleep
- Inability to manage worry
- Impairment in daily functioning
Specific Phobias
- Characterized by fear or anxiety when exposed to a specific object or situation, with common phobias including:
- Fear of heights
- Fear of spiders
- Fear of snakes
- Fear of flying
Panic Disorder
- Form of anxiety where people experience recurrent panic attacks, with triggers including irrational thoughts.
- Characteristics include:
- Recurrent panic attacks
- Worrying about additional attacks or implications
- Change in behavior to try to avoid attacks
- Four of the following symptoms need to be present:
- Sudden surge of fear or physical discomfort
- Panic attacks
Agoraphobia and Social Phobia
- Agoraphobia: characterized by anxiety when in situations or places perceived as unsafe.
- Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder): fear or anxiety in social or performance situations, with common symptoms including:
- Fear of humiliation, rejection, or embarrassment
- Exposure to social situations triggers anxiety
- Avoidance of social situations
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Resulting from trauma, with additional symptoms including:
- Recurrent thoughts related to the trauma
- Distressing nightmares
- Dissociative reactions like flashbacks
- Hyper-vigilance
Separation Anxiety Disorder
- Excessive anxiety when separated from the home environment or a person with a strong attachment, with characteristics including:
- Distress caused is excessive and doesn't correspond with the expected level of development
- Clinging to parents, crying to the extent of severe pain
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Characterized by unwanted and disturbing intrusive thoughts (obsessions) combined with repetitive behaviors (compulsions) to relieve emotional distress, with examples of compulsions including:
- Pacing
- Turning switches on and off
- Counting
- Muttering words
Selective Mutism
- Characterized by the ability to speak but becoming anxious to the point of being unable to speak in certain situations, commonly diagnosed in older children and persisting into adulthood.
Causes of Anxiety Disorders
- Combination of genetic and environmental influences, with genetic factors making up around 30% of the development.
- Environmental factors include:
- Childhood adversities
- Past trauma
- Socio-demographic factors
- Females are more affected than males, with unknown reasons.
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
- Combination of psychotherapy (primarily cognitive behavioral therapy) and medication.
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is recommended in nearly each disorder.
- Medications include:
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
- Other agents like buspirone and pregabalin
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- Benzodiazepines (used in acute stressful states, but not recommended for long-term use)
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Description
Understand the concept of anxiety as a normal human emotion and its relation to anxiety disorders, characterized by uncontrollable anxiety and affecting a significant portion of adults.
