Anxiety and Mood Disorders Overview

Definitions

• Anxiety: A general state of apprehension.
• Obsessive disorder: A thought to do something, because if you don't, another thing will happen. A constant urge to do something.
• Compulsion disorder: Repetitive behavior or mental act one is compelled to do. Fear of something happening.
• Persistent depressive disorder: Chronic depression, milder than major depression. Less intense than major depressive disorder.
• Always present.

Symptoms

• Anxiety (physical): Tired muscles, nausea, dizziness, excessive worry, fear of dying, decreased concentration, feeling like one is going crazy.
• Panic disorders: Increased anxiety, sweating, shaking, chills, heart attacks. Fight or flight response.
• Phobias: Genuine fear of things. Agoraphobia is a social anxiety where people need exits clear and people may seem threatening. Blocking exits.
• Psychological contributors to anxiety: Raised by controlling parents, anxiety in the family, trauma, bullying, or abuse.
• Mood disorders: Long-term, gradually worsening, reduced strong emotions.
• Symptoms of depression: Sad, anxious, slowed speech, slow body movements, feelings of agitation, no self-care, failure, guilt, and no love.

Statistics

• Anxiety affects women more than men.
• Anxiety, depression, and addiction often occur together.
• Heart disease and anxiety are linked.
• Generalized anxiety disorder (34%), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and PTSD (20%), phobias and panic disorders (13%) are common.
• 30% of the population are non-worriers.
• 15% of the population has serious generalized anxiety disorder and worried 8 hours a day.

Causes (Etiology)

• Depression: Genetics.

Treatment

• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help change thinking and behaviors.
• Medications like SSRIs are often necessary for depression.
• Trauma-focused therapy for PTSD.

Types

• OCD: Washers (germ fear), checkers (doubting), doubters (self-doubt)\
• Unipolar depression: High recurrence, depressive cognitive triad.
• Bipolar disorder: Depression with periods of mania, or mixed episodes.
• Bipolar 1: Having one or more episodes of mania.
• Bipolar 2: Depressive episodes with hypomania (less severe mania), no full blown mania.
• Cyclothymic disorder: Less severe form of bipolar disorder.

Acute and Post-Traumatic Stress

• Acute stress disorder: Happens directly after a stressful event, lasts less than 4 weeks.
• PTSD: Can happen after a stressful event and lasts for years.
• Must have 5 symptoms in DSM-5 for 2 weeks to have a mood disorder.
• ALGEE steps for crisis intervention: Assess, listen, give reassurance and information, encourage, encourage other support.

Suicide

• Lethality: Mode of suicide (gunshot, cutting).
• Availability: Access to means.
• Specificity: How, when, where, intent\
• Women more likely to attempt but men are more successful.
• Youth and elders more likely to attempt but not necessarily succeed.

Pre-disposing and Protective Risk Factors for Suicide

• Pre-disposing: Genetics, perinatal, personality traits, environment, psychological disorders.
• Protective: Cognitive flexibility, strong support, lack of life stressors, treatment.

Types of Suicide

• Note types of suicide.

Egoistic, Altruistic, Anomic, and Fatalistic Suicide

• Egoistic: Low social integration (isolated)
• Altruistic: High social integration (cause)
• Anomic: Low social regulation (disconnected from society)
• Fatalistic: High social regulation (powerlessness)

Warning Signs of Suicide

• Statements expressing suicidal thoughts, veiled hints, giving away possessions, changes in eating/sleeping, abuse of substances, feeling helpless/hopeless.

Manic Stage

• Steps involved in dealing with someone experiencing mania.
• Reduce activity, lower tone, brief and firm, do not argue or block exits during mania.

Personality Disorders (Ego-Syntonic):

• Believe their disorder is normal, don't seek treatment.

Type A, B, and C Personality Disorders

• Type A: Odd behaviors (schizotypal)
• Type B: Erratic, impulsive (antisocial, borderline, narcissistic)
• Type C: Fearful (avoidant, obsessive-compulsive)

Substance-Use Disorders and Substance-Induced Disorders

• Use disorder: Patterns of behavior involving psychoactive substances.
• Induced disorder: Disorders caused by psychoactive substances.
• Examples of substance disorders: Depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, sleep, sexual dysfunction, and fetal alcohol syndrome.

Paraphilias

• Sexual deviations involving arousal to nonhuman objects, humiliation, pain, or children.
• Examples: Exhibitionism, fetishism, voyeurism, frotteurism, pedophilia, sexual sadism, coprophilia

Alcohol Poisoning

• Signs include smell of alcohol, mental confusion, vomiting, seizures, slow/irregular breathing, hypothermia, aspiration. (if unconscious, call emergency services; do not give food or water)

Gender Dysphoria

• Individuals believe they are the opposite gender, high stress and maladaptive behaviors related to gender and lifestyle.

Sexual Deviations

• Patterns of arousal to unusual stimuli (nonhuman objects, humiliation, pain, or children).
• Common examples include exhibitionism, fetishism, voyeurism, frotteurism, pedophilia, sexual sadism, coprophilia.