Ch 19- Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders & Anxiety Disorders

<p>Acetylcholine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A feeling of dissatisfaction, unease, and unhappiness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A complex interplay between genes and environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frontal cortex; norepinephrine receptor alterations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5-HT1A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated mood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated monoamines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry mouth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated cortisol levels during night (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromosome 22 (B), Chromosome 18 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may trigger chronic elevations in cortisol. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aged cheeses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frontal lobe and limbic system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Break in reality or thought disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlargement of lateral and third ventricles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Under activation of its receptors contributes to the disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal viral infections during pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruption in neurotransmission between cortex and sensory areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamic acid decarboxylase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Auditory hallucinations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alogia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unipolar depression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involved in neuronal migration and synaptic function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral ventricular changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased norepinephrine and serotonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goal-oriented activity initiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent, excessive worrying about various life events (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic activation and elevated glucocorticoids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50% to 80% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocampus and amygdala (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interleukin-1α and IL-6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mild depressive symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frontal lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction in new hippocampal neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and SSRIs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased serotonin levels in CSF (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20% to 30% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurogenesis and increased hippocampal volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Manic episodes and at least one major depressive episode (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cingulate cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol levels remain chronically elevated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Characteristics such as elevated mood, irritability, and decreased sleep.

Suggests depression is linked to reduced brain monoamines like norepinephrine and serotonin.

Persistent high cortisol can lead to immunosuppression and trigger depression.

Structural changes include reduced volumes in the frontal lobe and limbic system.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines can increase and compound symptoms of depression.

Common side effects include sedation, insomnia, and dry mouth, plus risk of hypertensive crisis.

Bipolar has elevated neurotransmission while depression has reduced levels.

Includes stress, genetic predisposition, and serotonin dysfunction.

A mental disorder characterized by thought disorders and a disconnect between cognitive and emotional functions.

A disorder influenced by genetic factors, not strictly determined by them.

Neurotransmitter receptors involved in cognition, whose underactivation is linked to schizophrenia.

Neurotransmission involving dopamine, which is reduced in schizophrenia, particularly affecting negative symptoms.

Brain structures that may enlarge in individuals with schizophrenia, associated with cognitive impairments.

A decrease in thalamus size that may impact communication between brain areas.

Illnesses during pregnancy that can lead to neurodevelopmental defects in the fetus, increasing schizophrenia risk.

Changes in the temporal lobe that may contribute to positive symptoms in schizophrenia.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, a type of antidepressant with significant side effects.

Electroconvulsive therapy, a treatment for severe depression producing brain changes.

ECT alleviates depressive symptoms in 50% to 80% of patients.

Volume of the hippocampus related to mood and emotion may increase after ECT.

Characterized by excessive, persistent worrying about various life events.

GAD is linked to reduced norepinephrine and serotonin systems.

Heightened activity in this area is associated with anticipatory anxiety in GAD.

First-line treatments include norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and SSRIs.

Progressive decrease in cortical gray matter in adolescents due to early onset disorders.

Brain area linked to goal-directed and cognitive problem-solving behaviors that shows functional alterations.

Extracellular matrix protein critical for neuronal migration and synaptic function that is reduced in certain disorders.

Symptoms linked to excess dopamine, including delusions and hallucinations.

Symptoms linked to prefrontal pathologies such as lack of speech and pleasure.

Emotional states like sadness or mania that become chronic and are uncontrollable.

Major or clinical depression characterized by persistent sad mood without manic episodes.

Mood disorder characterized by alternating episodes of mania and depression.

A mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, and various physical symptoms over at least two weeks.

Five or more symptoms including depressed mood, significant weight changes, insomnia, and feelings of worthlessness.

The genetic component that makes individuals more susceptible to mood disorders when paired with environmental stressors.

An imbalance of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin contributing to depression.

The theory suggesting that a deficiency in monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine) is a key factor in depression.

Changes in brain structures and functions, such as receptor alterations linked to depression and suicide.

A specific serotonin receptor subtype whose binding is reduced in depressed individuals.

An increase in physical movement or restlessness often seen in depressed individuals.

Depressed individuals often show reduced frontal lobe volume.

Bipolar illness is linked to decreased or asymmetric temporal lobe volume.

Chronic stress activates the HPA system, leading to elevated glucocorticoids in depression.

Stress increases cytokines like IL-1α and TNF-α, affecting brain signaling.

Depression is associated with reduced neurogenesis in the hippocampus.

Low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are found in stress-induced depression.

20-30% of MDD patients show alterations in the HPT system.