Antiseptic Disinfectants Against Acinetobacter Species
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for using a combination of antiseptic agents and disinfectants against Acinetobacter species?

  • Because no single antiseptic or disinfectant provides 100% inactivation against bacteria (correct)
  • To reduce the risk of nosocomial infections
  • To eliminate the need for nutrient media and saline
  • To ensure 100% inactivation of bacteria

    • Which of the following antiseptic agents showed the lowest MICs against Acinetobacter species?

  • Homemade antiseptic composed of myrtle, salt, lemon, and vinegar (correct)
  • Valerian and field horsetail
  • Herbal therapeutics such as milk thistle and purple coneflower
  • Elderberry flowers color fluid (correct)

    • What is the characteristic of Acinetobacter spp. on MacConkey agar?

  • They form pink-pigmented colonies
  • They form yellow-pigmented colonies
  • They form red-pigmented colonies
  • They form colorless or clear colonies (correct)

    • What is the specific feature of A. baumannii colonies on Nutrient agar and Broth?

    <p>They show yellow pigmentation due to ornithinolibredoxin-aldolases activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of A. ursingii?

    <p>It has reduced catabolic abilities due to the orientation of the ATP-binding cassette protein-encoding genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many species are included in the Acinetobacter genus as of 15 May 2019?

    <p>130 species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of carbon for most Acinetobacter spp.?

    <p>p-hydroxybenzoate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phylum to which the Acinetobacter genus belongs?

    <p>Proteobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the historical name of the group to which Acinetobacter is affiliated?

    <p>Bacterium calo-Condimentum group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Acinetobacter in terms of glucose fermentation?

    <p>Glucose-nonfermentative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the complex genotypic structure of Acinetobacter?

    <p>Inter-typic recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the type strain of Acinetobacter that does not ferment glucose?

    <p>Acinetobacter Johnsonii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bacterial adhesion involving outer membrane proteins, capsule, and fimbriae?

    <p>Multifactorial process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the exoproducts that influence pathogenesis in Acinetobacter?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the superantigen involved in enterotoxic lesions of the intestinal epithelium?

    <p>Superantigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Acinetobacter strains that makes them hardy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of infection prevention and control in healthcare settings?

    <p>To maintain a risk-free healthcare setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of antiseptic disinfectants in healthcare settings?

    <p>To maintain a risk-free healthcare setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should be responsible for controlling the choice of antiseptics, disinfectants, and antiseptic disinfectants in hospitals?

    <p>Hospital infection prevention and control committees and infection control nurse(s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue with the use of antiseptics and disinfectants in hospitals?

    <p>The development of resistance in opportunistic pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of managing antiseptics and developing new products?

    <p>Maintaining their effective activities against certain pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the hospital environment a common place for microorganisms to interact with each other?

    <p>Because it is the only place where microorganisms interact with each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the importance of maintaining a clean and safe hospital environment?

    <p>To prevent the spread of nosocomial pathogens and ensure patient safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Acinetobacter spp. in the hospital environment?

    <p>They can convert into resistant bacteria using various defense systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of quaternary ammonium compounds as disinfectants?

    <p>They have more tolerant and less harmful properties for people, the environment, and substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between high-level, intermediate-level, and low-level antimicrobial agents?

    <p>Their classification system is based on their effectiveness against nosocomial pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the importance of using antiseptic disinfectants with a broad microbicidal spectrum in hospitals?

    <p>To prevent the spread of nosocomial pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using natural antiseptic substances?

    <p>They minimize harm to humans, animals, the environment, and themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the importance of preventing Acinetobacter infections in hospitals?

    <p>To prevent the spread of nosocomial pathogens and ensure patient safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge in treating Acinetobacter spp. infections?

    <p>The resistance of Acinetobacter spp. to multiple antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended concentration range of alcohols for surface cleaning?

    <p>60-95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of benzalkonium chloride?

    <p>It destroys the vegetative membranes of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are wounded or burned patients receiving chemotherapy more susceptible to Acinetobacter spp. infections?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using alcohol-based disinfectants?

    <p>They have a reduced skin contact time and more efficient killing performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine?

    <p>They have different mechanisms of action against microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of essential oils as antiseptics?

    <p>They are used as a alternative to synthetic antiseptics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of using quaternary ammonium compounds as disinfectants?

    <p>They are too harsh on the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using hydrogen peroxide as an antiseptic?

    <p>It is a strong oxidizing agent that is able to harm secondary and tertiary structurally organized proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which antiseptic agents exert their activity?

    <p>Denaturation of proteins and lysis of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of testing the efficacy of disinfectants using established standards?

    <p>To ensure the product kills specific types of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antiseptic agent?

    <p>The lowest concentration that inhibits the growth of the microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of an antiseptic agent?

    <p>It is the concentration that kills the microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were new test methodologies developed for disinfectant products?

    <p>To include new organisms for four product types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of guidance for test protocols published by international organizations?

    <p>To guide the development of test protocols for industry and regulatory authorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of determining the optical density (turbidity) at 600 nm in evaluating antiseptic activity?

    <p>It measures the growth of the microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of efficacy testing of disinfectants?

    <p>To ensure the product kills specific types of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an effective disinfectant product?

    <p>It killing specific types of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are standardized test protocols essential for disinfectant products?

    <p>To ensure data to support product registration and label claims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Antiseptic Disinfectants Active Against Acinetobacter Species

    Preface

    • No single antiseptic or disinfectant agent provides 100% inactivation against bacteria, making it essential to use different types and combinations of agents.
    • Elderberry flowers color fluid and a homemade antiseptic composed of myrtle, salt, lemon, and vinegar were found to be effective against Acinetobacter spp.

    Understanding Acinetobacter Species

    • Acinetobacter spp. are Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, non-motile, glucose-nonfermentative, aerobic coccobacilli.
    • They grow on p-hydroxybenzoate as the sole aromatic compound and can produce hydrogen sulfide.
    • As of 2019, 130 species are included in the Acinetobacter genus.
    • Acinetobacter spp. are associated with community-acquired infections, such as otitis, sinusitis, and wound infections.

    Characteristics and Pathogenicity

    • Acinetobacter spp. can cause severe infections, including pneumonia and bacteremia, in humans and animals.
    • They have a complex genotypic structure, and their pathogenicity involves the interaction of bacteria with host-cell membrane architecture and the host-innate immune response.
    • Outer membrane proteins, capsule, fimbriae, biofilm formation structures, and exoproducts are crucial virulence factors in Acinetobacter spp.

    Importance of Antiseptic Disinfectants in Healthcare Settings

    • The main goal of infection prevention and control is to maintain a risk-free healthcare setting.
    • Antiseptic disinfectants play a crucial role in preventing the spread of nosocomial pathogens, including Acinetobacter spp.
    • The hospital environment is a common place where microorganisms interact and convert into resistant bacteria.
    • The resistance development of opportunistic pathogens to hospital antiseptics and disinfectants is a significant issue.

    Prevention of Acinetobacter Infections

    • Chlorhexidine or povidone-iodine/uracil combinations can be effectively used for preoperative skin antiseptics to prevent surgical site infections.
    • Povidone-iodine/povidone-iodine/uracil combinations, chlorhexidine, cetrimide, or effective alternative antiseptics may be recommended for first-stage wound care.

    Common Antiseptic Agents

    • Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) are commonly used disinfectants that are stronger and able to kill a wider range of pathogens.
    • Chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine are extensively utilized antiseptics in hospital settings and home use.
    • Ethyl alcohol is a common antiseptic, disinfectant, and sterilizing agent.
    • Hydrogen peroxide is a powerful oxidizing agent that can harm secondary and tertiary structurally organized proteins.

    Efficacy Testing and Guidelines

    • Effective levels of a disinfectant are determined using established test standards, such as those published by AOAC International, the European Committee for Standardization, or the United States Pharmacopeial Convention.
    • Test standards define the criteria that must be used to demonstrate that the ingredient added to the product has been made at a safe and effective level.
    • Guidance for test protocols is available in several international protocols published by the European Committee for Standardization and the United States Pharmacopeia.

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    Description

    Learn about the different antiseptic and disinfectant agents effective against Acinetobacter species, a type of Gram-negative bacteria. Discover the importance of using combinations of agents and the surprising effectiveness of homemade antiseptics.

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