Antiprotozoal Drugs and Malaria

<p>Urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P. falciparum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blackwater fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce the duration of quinine treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent severe hypotension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unknown (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allows for less frequent dosing, such as weekly administration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its long half-life and unknown teratogenic potential pose a risk to the fetus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quinine, quinidine, or artemisinin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatic stages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is highly protein-bound and extensively distributed in tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Female Anopheles mosquito (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Merozoites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypnozoites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fever, shivering, and headaches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to severe illness and death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7-9 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eradication of both erythrocytic and hepatic parasites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sporozoa - cilia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dihydrofolate reductase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires metabolic activation to be effective. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit dihydropteroate synthase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>170 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2–6 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is insoluble and must be taken orally. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce malaria incidence in high-risk groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To suppress the emergence of artemisinin resistance in parasites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Artesunate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of free radicals that damage the parasite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doxycycline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood schizonts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Artesunate-chloroquine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce the dosage and side effects of quinine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They should always be used in combination with other antimalarials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4-Aminoquinoline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventing biocrystallization of heme into hemozoin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is highly effective against blood schizonticides. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3–5 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elimination of dormant forms of P vivax (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is necessary for the radical cure of dormant liver forms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral use as a phosphate salt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased ability to treat sensitive malaria strains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Essential compounds for DNA synthesis, particularly in cell division.

A drug that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, used for malaria treatment.

A prodrug converted to cycloguanil, effective against malaria.

Combination drug of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine for malaria treatment.

Key enzyme inhibited by pyrimethamine and proguanil in malaria treatment.

Strategy of giving malaria treatment intermittently to high-risk patients.

A type of malaria that does not respond to chloroquine, requiring alternative treatments.

Natural compound from Chinese herbal medicine, effective against malaria.

Quinine is mainly metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine.

Quinine is a rapid-acting, effective blood schizonticide targeting malaria parasites.

Quinine is gametocidal against P vivax and P ovale, but not P falciparum.

Quinine is not effective against liver-stage malaria parasites.

Quinine can be given IV or IM for severe falciparum malaria with a loading dose.

Common effects of quinine include tinnitus, headache, nausea, and visual disturbances.

Quinine can cause hypoglycemia through increased insulin release, important in severe cases.

A rare, severe illness related to quinine causing hemolysis and hemoglobinuria.

A synthetic drug for malaria prevention and treatment, effective against P falciparum and P vivax.

Preventative treatment against malaria using drugs like mefloquine.

The time taken for the concentration of drug in the blood to reduce by half, approximately 20 days for mefloquine.

Side effects including nausea, dizziness, and neuropsychiatric toxicities.

Mental health side effects such as confusion, giddiness, and even seizures from mefloquine.

Mefloquine should not be used by pregnant women due to potential risks.

Mefloquine can be administered once a week for malaria prevention.

A water-soluble analog of artemisinin, useful for multiple administration routes.

A lipid-soluble analog of artemisinin, effective for oral and intramuscular administration.

The active metabolite of artemisinin, useful for oral administration.

The solo use of artemisinin is discouraged for uncomplicated malaria treatment.

Recommended treatments combining artemisinin with other drugs to increase efficacy.

Antimalarial mechanism involves free radicals from iron-catalyzed cleavage in parasites.

Some antibiotics inhibit plasmodial protein synthesis and show modest antimalarial activity.

Motile, unicellular eukaryotic organisms classified by locomotion.

Medications used to treat or prevent malaria caused by Plasmodium.

The mosquito species that transmits malaria to humans.

The phase of malaria where parasites invade red blood cells and cause illness.

Infective forms of Plasmodium released from the liver; invade erythrocytes.

Dormant hepatic stage in P vivax and P ovale; can cause relapses.

A primary drug for treating malaria since the 1940s, effective against sensitive P falciparum.

Include fever, shivering, headache, pain, and vomiting that appear 7-9 days post-bite.

Concentrates in parasite food vacuoles, preventing heme crystallization, leading to parasite toxicity.

The most dangerous malaria-causing parasite, responsible for severe cases.

Initial half-life is 3–5 days; terminal elimination half-life is 1–2 months.

Used for treating non-falciparum malaria, chemoprophylaxis, and amebic liver abscess.

Chloroquine effectiveness reduced due to drug resistance, especially in P falciparum.

Class of Chloroquine; key drugs in this class primarily target malaria parasites.

Used alongside Chloroquine to eliminate dormant liver forms of P vivax and P ovale.

Chloroquine is moderately effective against gametocytes of P vivax, P ovale, and P malariae, not P falciparum.