Antimicrobial Resistance Forms and Features Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of resistance involves chromosomic genetic support, affects almost all species strains, and existed before antibiotic use?

  • Acquired resistance
  • Transposon resistance
  • Intrinsic resistance (correct)
  • Plasmidic resistance

    • Which form of antimicrobial resistance affects a fraction of strains and increases with antibiotic use?

  • Conjugative resistance
  • Plasmidic resistance
  • Intrinsic resistance
  • Acquired resistance (correct)

    • What is the process by which genetic material is transferred between microbes to cause acquired resistance?

  • Transduction
  • Transformation
  • Conjugation (correct)
  • Replication

    • Which of the following is NOT a way in which alteration of the microbial genome occurs?

    <p>Transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of DNA sequences can move or be copied to other regions of the microbial genome?

    <p>Transposons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can mutations arise to cause resistance in a strain?

    <p>Spontaneous point mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of resistance involves circular 'mini chromosomes' replicating independently of chromosomal DNA?

    <p>Plasmidic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Intrinsic resistance' is characterized by which of the following?

    <p>'Existed before antibiotic use.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Clavulanic acid inhibit beta-lactamases?

    <p>By causing irreversible acylation of beta-lactamases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test?

    <p>To measure the smallest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits the growth of an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for Chloramphenicol resistance?

    <p>Acylation by chloramphenicol acetyl transferases (CAT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method used for the MIC test?

    <p>Dilution in liquid broth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism of resistance exhibited by microbes?

    <p>Modifying the drug target</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process leads to resistance against Aminoglycosides?

    <p>Modification like acetylation, phosphorylation, or nucleotide conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of glycopeptides as antibacterials?

    <p>Inhibition of bacterial cell membrane synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of resistance mechanism involves preventing antimicrobials from entering the microbe?

    <p>Antimicrobial exclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased methyl groups contribute to drug resistance?

    <p>By reducing drug penetration into bacterial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing the beta-lactam ring in penicillins?

    <p>Beta-lactamases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the properties of beta-lactamases in gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>Inducible and extracellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do beta-lactams combat beta-lactamases?

    <p>By creating increased steric hindrance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect describes the mechanism of resistance to glycopeptides in microbes?

    <p>Replacement of D-Ala - D-Ala with D-Ala - D-Lac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of glycopeptide intrinsic resistance?

    <p>Resistance conferred by precursors similar to acquired resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does trimethoprim resistance develop?

    <p>Modification of the target enzyme DHFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of glycopeptide acquired resistance?

    <p>Resistance conferred through the production of 7 new polypeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages?

    <p>The lytic cycle results in the immediate lysis of the host cell, while the lysogenic cycle involves integration of the phage DNA into the bacterial chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do bacteriophages as antibiotics need to be very specific?

    <p>To ensure they only target harmful bacteria without affecting beneficial ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the increase in bacteria resistance to antibiotics?

    <p>Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is NOT a common way bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics?

    <p>Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is antibiotic resistance spread controlled in bacteria?

    <p>Proper hand hygiene and sanitation practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes one way resistance is developed in bacteria?

    <p>Resistance can be acquired through horizontal gene transfer from other resistant bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a mechanism of bacterial resistance to antibiotics?

    <p>'Good' vs. 'bad' strains within the same species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action contributes to reducing antibiotic resistance?

    <p>'Rotating' antibiotics - changing them often to prevent resistance buildup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does prophage excision have on bacterial chromosomes?

    <p>It initiates a lytic cycle causing cell lysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does methicillin cause drug target bypass?

    <p>By increasing the production of the target enzyme not affected by penicillins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when microbes use enhanced target production to resist drugs?

    <p>Microbes increase the production of the drug target.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way that efflux pumps contribute to drug resistance?

    <p>By pumping antibiotics out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of drug resistance in fungi?

    <p>Resistance to azole antifungals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a resistome?

    <p>A collection of antimicrobial resistance genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can antifolates cause drug target bypass?

    <p>By developing an alternative route for folic acid biosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are efflux pumps, where are they located, and what do they require?

    <p>Transporter proteins that pump things out of the cell, located in the cytoplasmic membrane, requiring ATP or potential difference for function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do microbes do a drug target bypass?

    <p>By developing alternative mechanisms that side-step key steps in antibiotic action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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