Antimicrobial Resistance Forms and Features Quiz

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What type of resistance involves chromosomic genetic support, affects almost all species strains, and existed before antibiotic use?

Acquired resistance

Transposon resistance

Intrinsic resistance (correct)

Plasmidic resistance

Which form of antimicrobial resistance affects a fraction of strains and increases with antibiotic use?

Conjugative resistance

Plasmidic resistance

Intrinsic resistance

Acquired resistance (correct)

What is the process by which genetic material is transferred between microbes to cause acquired resistance?

Transduction

Transformation

Conjugation (correct)

Replication

Which of the following is NOT a way in which alteration of the microbial genome occurs?

Transduction Signup and view all the answers

What type of DNA sequences can move or be copied to other regions of the microbial genome?

Transposons Signup and view all the answers

How can mutations arise to cause resistance in a strain?

Spontaneous point mutations Signup and view all the answers

Which form of resistance involves circular 'mini chromosomes' replicating independently of chromosomal DNA?

Plasmidic resistance Signup and view all the answers

'Intrinsic resistance' is characterized by which of the following?

'Existed before antibiotic use.' Signup and view all the answers

How does Clavulanic acid inhibit beta-lactamases?

By causing irreversible acylation of beta-lactamases Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test?

To measure the smallest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits the growth of an organism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for Chloramphenicol resistance?

Acylation by chloramphenicol acetyl transferases (CAT) Signup and view all the answers

What is one method used for the MIC test?

Dilution in liquid broth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of resistance exhibited by microbes?

Modifying the drug target Signup and view all the answers

Which process leads to resistance against Aminoglycosides?

Modification like acetylation, phosphorylation, or nucleotide conjugation Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of glycopeptides as antibacterials?

Inhibition of bacterial cell membrane synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What type of resistance mechanism involves preventing antimicrobials from entering the microbe?

Antimicrobial exclusion Signup and view all the answers

How does increased methyl groups contribute to drug resistance?

By reducing drug penetration into bacterial cells Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing the beta-lactam ring in penicillins?

Beta-lactamases Signup and view all the answers

What are the properties of beta-lactamases in gram-positive bacteria?

Inducible and extracellular Signup and view all the answers

How do beta-lactams combat beta-lactamases?

By creating increased steric hindrance Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect describes the mechanism of resistance to glycopeptides in microbes?

Replacement of D-Ala - D-Ala with D-Ala - D-Lac Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of glycopeptide intrinsic resistance?

Resistance conferred by precursors similar to acquired resistance Signup and view all the answers

How does trimethoprim resistance develop?

Modification of the target enzyme DHFR Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of glycopeptide acquired resistance?

Resistance conferred through the production of 7 new polypeptides Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages?

The lytic cycle results in the immediate lysis of the host cell, while the lysogenic cycle involves integration of the phage DNA into the bacterial chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

Why do bacteriophages as antibiotics need to be very specific?

To ensure they only target harmful bacteria without affecting beneficial ones. Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the increase in bacteria resistance to antibiotics?

Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine. Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is NOT a common way bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics?

Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics only. Signup and view all the answers

How is antibiotic resistance spread controlled in bacteria?

Proper hand hygiene and sanitation practices. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes one way resistance is developed in bacteria?

Resistance can be acquired through horizontal gene transfer from other resistant bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a mechanism of bacterial resistance to antibiotics?

'Good' vs. 'bad' strains within the same species. Signup and view all the answers

What action contributes to reducing antibiotic resistance?

'Rotating' antibiotics - changing them often to prevent resistance buildup. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does prophage excision have on bacterial chromosomes?

It initiates a lytic cycle causing cell lysis. Signup and view all the answers

How does methicillin cause drug target bypass?

By increasing the production of the target enzyme not affected by penicillins. Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when microbes use enhanced target production to resist drugs?

Microbes increase the production of the drug target. Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that efflux pumps contribute to drug resistance?

By pumping antibiotics out of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of drug resistance in fungi?

Resistance to azole antifungals Signup and view all the answers

What is a resistome?

A collection of antimicrobial resistance genes Signup and view all the answers

How can antifolates cause drug target bypass?

By developing an alternative route for folic acid biosynthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What are efflux pumps, where are they located, and what do they require?

Transporter proteins that pump things out of the cell, located in the cytoplasmic membrane, requiring ATP or potential difference for function. Signup and view all the answers

In what way do microbes do a drug target bypass?

By developing alternative mechanisms that side-step key steps in antibiotic action. Signup and view all the answers