Antimicrobials

<p>Ensuring peak levels are high enough to kill bacteria and trough levels are low enough to minimize toxicity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruption of the bacterial cell wall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chemical produced by a microbe that can harm other microbes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic replication and repair. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic mutations and selection processes over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enables selection of the most effective drug for a specific pathogen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disrupting cell wall synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A drug highly toxic to microbes but harmless to the host. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis of lipids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreasing the concentration of a drug at its site of action. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spontaneous mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administering broad-spectrum antibiotics for every suspected infection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The identity and drug sensitivity of the infecting organism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patient's favorite color (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain a high concentration of the drug at the site of infection for a sufficient time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevention of infection following surgery. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infection involves microbial invasion and multiplication causing clinical harm, contamination does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ototoxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fact that the same dose can produce very different plasma levels in different patients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>QT prolongation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting tetrahydrofolic acid synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To optimize peak levels for bactericidal effect and minimize toxicity related to trough levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing the expression of efflux pumps. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To chemically modify or degrade the drug. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation in the gene encoding the target protein. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By directly neutralizing the drug's effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conjugation, which involves plasmid transfer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By preventing biofilm formation and associated infections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To minimize disruption of the normal microbiota and reduce the risk of superinfection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vancomycin use promotes the emergence of vancomycin-resistant bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any agent that can kill or suppress microorganisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The susceptible organism and mechanism of action. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of the protective outer layer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By altering their metabolic pathways to bypass the drug's effect or reducing cell permeability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Be toxic to the microbe but harmless to the host. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enterococcus faecium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Use of chemicals against invading organisms.

A chemical produced by one microbe that harms other microbes.

Any substance that kills or suppresses microorganisms.

Toxic to microbes but harmless to the host.

Grouping antimicrobials based on how they work.

When organisms develop resistance to antimicrobial drugs over time.

Microbes like Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus that resist drugs.

How antibiotics work, like disrupting cell walls or protein synthesis.

A class of antibiotics including erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin, used for various infections.

Narrow-spectrum, bactericidal antibiotics effective against aerobic gram-negative bacilli, such as gentamicin.

Kidney damage caused by certain drugs, particularly aminoglycosides.

Observing drug concentration in blood to ensure effective dosing and avoid toxicity.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with folate synthesis.

Four main ways microbes resist drugs: decrease drug concentration, inactivate drugs, alter target molecules, or produce antagonists.

A process where bacteria transfer genetic material to gain drug resistance.

Strategies to slow down the development of drug resistance, such as vaccination and proper catheter use.

Treat actual infections instead of contamination or colonization to prevent resistance.

Selection of antibiotics involves identifying the organism causing the infection and its sensitivity to drugs.

Factors that affect treatment, including host defenses, infection site, age, and previous allergies.

Agents used to prevent infection instead of treating established infections, like before surgery.

Grouping antimicrobial drugs based on the types of organisms they target.

A mechanism where antibiotics break down the protective layer of bacteria.

Stopping bacteria from making proteins essential for their survival.

Drugs that prevent bacteria from replicating their DNA or RNA.

Substances that interfere with microbial metabolism, preventing growth.

Drugs that specifically target enzymes viruses need to replicate.

The process where microbes become less vulnerable to drugs over time.

The ability of a drug to target microbes without harming the host.

Used for whooping cough, diphtheria, and chlamydial infections.

Can cause nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and hypersensitivity reactions.

Monitoring drug concentration to ensure effectiveness and avoid toxicity.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit bacterial growth by blocking folate synthesis.

Reducing the amount of a drug at its action site to prevent effectiveness.

Bacteria can neutralize or disable a drug's effectiveness.

Changing the structure of molecules that drugs target, making them ineffective.

Microbes can create substances that counteract drug effects.

Random genetic changes in microbes that can lead to drug resistance.

Using vaccines to prevent infections and the emergence of resistance.

Ensuring patients finish their entire antibiotic course to prevent resistance.