Antimicrobial Drugs Quiz 14.4 pt 2

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Questions and Answers

Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antifungal drugs?

Fungi (correct)

Bacteria

Viruses

Protozoa

Why is it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells?

Viruses are too different from human cells

Viruses are too similar to human cells

Viruses replicate within host cells (correct)

Viruses are too small to target

Which group of naturally produced antifungal compounds block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan in fungal cell walls?

Echinocandins (correct)

Triazoles

Polyenes

Allylamines

Why are antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis selectively toxic?

They target ergosterol synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which plant-derived antifungals are effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?

Artemisinins Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?

Sulfadiazine Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?

Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?

Pentamidine Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against helminths?

Helminths are multicellular eukaryotes like humans Signup and view all the answers

Which synthetic benzimidazoles bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake?

Mebendazole Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections?

Acyclovir Signup and view all the answers

Which retrovirus targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?

HIV Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antifungal drugs?

Fungi Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells?

Viruses replicate within host cells Signup and view all the answers

Which group of naturally produced antifungal compounds block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan in fungal cell walls?

Echinocandins Signup and view all the answers

Why are antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis selectively toxic?

They target ergosterol synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which plant-derived antifungals are effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?

Artemisinins Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?

Sulfadiazine Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?

Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?

Pentamidine Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against helminths?

Helminths are multicellular eukaryotes like humans Signup and view all the answers

Which synthetic benzimidazoles bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake?

Mebendazole Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections?

Acyclovir Signup and view all the answers

Which retrovirus targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?

HIV Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?

They target ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of artemisinins?

They are effective against malaria. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of nitroimidazoles?

They interfere with nucleic acid synthesis in protozoan pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of pleconaril?

It binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of benzimidazoles?

They inhibit microtubule formation and reduce glucose uptake. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of niclosamide?

It targets ATP production in helminths. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms?

Their similarity to human cells. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells?

Viruses replicate within host cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of the avermectins?

They bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main target of antiprotozoan drugs?

Nucleic acid synthesis in protozoan pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main target of antiviral drugs?

Nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main target of antihelminthic drugs?

Parasitic worm infections. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a challenge in developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms?

Their similarity to human cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of viruses that makes it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to them?

They replicate within host cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?

Cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

Which group of naturally produced antifungal compounds block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls?

Echinocandins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is NOT used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?

Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?

Pentamidine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of helminths that makes it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them?

They are multicellular eukaryotes like humans Signup and view all the answers

Which synthetic benzimidazole binds to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake?

Albendazole Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus?

Ribavirin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is used to treat influenza A by binding to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?

Amantadine Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?

Neuraminidase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which antihelminthic drug inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?

Niclosamide Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antiprotozoan drugs?

Protozoa Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a plant-derived antifungal used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?

Artemisinins Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?

Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?

Pentamidine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a synthetic benzimidazole that binds to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake?

Mebendazole Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antiviral drugs is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?

Sofosbuvir Signup and view all the answers

Which drug binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection?

Pleconaril Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antiviral drugs block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells?

Neuraminidase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?

HIV Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism used by antiprotozoan drugs to target protozoan infections?

Interference with nucleic acid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism used by antihelminthic drugs to treat parasitic worm infections?

Inhibition of microtubule formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs?

Interference with DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a selective target for echinocandins?

β(1→3) glucan synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?

Pentamidine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for synthetic benzimidazoles?

Inhibition of microtubule formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for niclosamide?

Inhibition of ATP production Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a nucleoside analog used to treat herpes virus infections?

Acyclovir Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is used to treat hepatitis C and interferes with viral polymerase activity?

Sofosbuvir Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used to treat influenza A and binds to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?

Amantadine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?

Neuraminidase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?

HIV Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antihelminthic drugs?

Parasitic worms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inhibits microtubule formation and is used to treat a variety of helminth infections?

Benzimidazoles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs?

Interference with DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a selective target for echinocandins?

β(1→3) glucan synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?

Pentamidine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for synthetic benzimidazoles?

Inhibition of microtubule formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for niclosamide?

Inhibition of ATP production Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a nucleoside analog used to treat herpes virus infections?

Acyclovir Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is used to treat hepatitis C and interferes with viral polymerase activity?

Sofosbuvir Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used to treat influenza A and binds to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?

Amantadine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?

Neuraminidase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?

HIV Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antihelminthic drugs?

Parasitic worms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inhibits microtubule formation and is used to treat a variety of helminth infections?

Benzimidazoles Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?

They target ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?

Sulfadiazine Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of pentamidine?

It interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal drug targets β(1→3) glucan synthesis in fungal cell walls?

Echinocandins Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?

Sofosbuvir Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of synthetic benzimidazoles like mebendazole and albendazole?

They prevent microtubule formation in helminths Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections by inhibiting ATP production?

Niclosamide Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogs that inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses?

Acyclovir and ribavirin Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is plant-derived and effective against malaria, used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?

Artemisinin Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?

Oseltamivir Signup and view all the answers

Which antihelminthic drug binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms?

Ivermectin Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of antiprotozoan drugs that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis?

They interfere with DNA replication in protozoa Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antifungal drugs?

Interference with ergosterol synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a plant-derived antifungal used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?

Artemisinin Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?

Sulfadiazine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs?

Interference with DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?

Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?

Pentamidine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for benzimidazoles?

Inhibition of microtubule formation Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?

Sofosbuvir Signup and view all the answers

Which drug binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection?

Pleconaril Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for avermectins?

Blockage of neuronal transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs are typically used in combination therapy for HIV treatment?

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which drug inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?

Niclosamide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antifungal drugs?

Inhibition of ergosterol synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a plant-derived antifungal drug effective against malaria?

Artemisinin Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is useful in combating protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?

Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?

Pentamidine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?

Niclosamide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms?

Ivermectin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used to treat influenza A by binding to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?

Amantadine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?

Neuraminidase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antihelminthic drugs?

Inhibition of microtubule formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is a nucleoside analog that inhibits nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses and is used to treat herpes virus infections?

Acyclovir Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiviral drugs used to treat hepatitis C?

Interference with viral polymerase activity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of drug used in combination therapy for HIV treatment?

Antiviral drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?

They target ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of the echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds?

They target β(1→3) glucan synthesis in fungal cell walls. Signup and view all the answers

Which plant-derived antifungal is effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy?

Artemisinins Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?

Sulfadiazine Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is useful in combating Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?

Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?

Pentamidine Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of synthetic benzimidazoles like mebendazole and albendazole?

They bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of niclosamide, an antihelminthic drug?

It inhibits ATP production in helminths. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of acyclovir, an antiviral drug used to treat herpes virus infections?

It interferes with viral polymerase activity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of ribavirin, an antiviral drug used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus?

It inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis in viruses. Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?

Sofosbuvir Signup and view all the answers

Which retrovirus targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?

HIV Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism used by antiprotozoan drugs to target protozoan infections?

Interference with DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a selective target of antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?

Cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a plant-derived antifungal effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?

Artemisinin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a drug used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?

Sulfadiazine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism used by pentamidine to treat certain pathogens?

Interference with DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism used by synthetic benzimidazoles to target helminth infections?

Inhibition of microtubule formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism used by niclosamide to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?

Inhibition of ATP production Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism used by acyclovir to treat herpes virus infections?

Interference with DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism used by ribavirin to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus?

Interference with DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism used by amantadine and rimantadine to treat influenza A?

Blockage of transmembrane protein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism used by neuraminidase inhibitors to prevent the release of influenza virus from infected cells?

Blockage of neuraminidase activity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism used by HIV to develop antiviral drug resistance?

Proofreading activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?

They target ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membranes Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds?

They block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan in fungal cell walls Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for pentamidine, a drug used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?

It interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for synthetic benzimidazoles, like mebendazole and albendazole, used to treat helminth infections?

They inhibit microtubule formation in helminths Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?

Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for niclosamide, a drug used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?

It inhibits ATP production in tapeworms Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?

Sofosbuvir Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection?

Pleconaril Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug is used to treat influenza A by binding to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?

Amantadine Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for ribavirin, an antiviral drug used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus?

It targets RNA synthesis in viral cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for artemisinins, plant-derived antifungals used to treat malaria?

They bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates Signup and view all the answers

Which group of drugs is used to treat parasitic worm infections?

Antihelminthic drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism used by antiprotozoan drugs to target protozoan infections?

Interference with DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a selective target of echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds?

β(1→3) glucan synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a plant-derived antifungal effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?

Artemisinins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?

Pentamidine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections?

Acyclovir Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antiviral drugs is used to treat hepatitis C and interferes with viral polymerase activity?

Sofosbuvir Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs bind to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and are used to treat influenza A?

Amantadine and rimantadine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antiviral drugs block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells?

Neuraminidase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?

HIV Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs inhibit ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?

Niclosamide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake, and are also active against many other microorganisms?

Synthetic benzimidazoles, like mebendazole and albendazole Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?

Pentamidine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action of antiprotozoan drugs?

Interference with nucleic acid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of helminths that makes it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them?

They are similar to human cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antifungal drugs targets ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes?

Triazoles Signup and view all the answers

Which plant-derived antifungal is effective against malaria and is used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?

Artemisinins Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug is used to treat hepatitis C by interfering with viral polymerase activity?

Sofosbuvir Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug binds to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and is used to treat influenza A?

Rimantadine Signup and view all the answers

Which antihelminthic drug binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms?

Ivermectin Signup and view all the answers

Which antiprotozoan drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?

Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal drug selectively targets fungi by blocking the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls?

Echinocandins Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug is a nucleoside analog that is used to treat herpes virus infections?

Acyclovir Signup and view all the answers

Which antihelminthic drug inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?

Niclosamide Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?

Neuraminidase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action of antiprotozoan drugs?

Interference with nucleic acid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of helminths that makes it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them?

They are similar to human cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antifungal drugs targets ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes?

Triazoles Signup and view all the answers

Which plant-derived antifungal is effective against malaria and is used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?

Artemisinins Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug is used to treat hepatitis C by interfering with viral polymerase activity?

Sofosbuvir Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug binds to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and is used to treat influenza A?

Rimantadine Signup and view all the answers

Which antihelminthic drug binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms?

Ivermectin Signup and view all the answers

Which antiprotozoan drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?

Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal drug selectively targets fungi by blocking the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls?

Echinocandins Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug is a nucleoside analog that is used to treat herpes virus infections?

Acyclovir Signup and view all the answers

Which antihelminthic drug inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?

Niclosamide Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?

Neuraminidase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antiprotozoan drugs?

Protozoa Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a synthetic analog of guanosine used to treat herpes virus infections?

Acyclovir Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal drug targets ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes?

Triazoles Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal drugs are selectively toxic because human cell membranes use cholesterol instead of ergosterol?

Triazoles Signup and view all the answers

Which naturally produced antifungal compounds block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls?

Echinocandins Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used to treat hepatitis C and interferes with viral polymerase activity?

Sofosbuvir Signup and view all the answers

Which plant-derived antifungals are effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?

Artemisinins Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?

Sulfadiazine Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?

Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

Which drug, historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?

Pentamidine Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection?

Pleconaril Signup and view all the answers

Which antihelminthic drug inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?

Niclosamide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs?

Interference with nucleic acid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a selective target for antifungal drugs?

Ergosterol synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antiviral drugs is used to treat hepatitis C by interfering with viral polymerase activity?

Sofosbuvir Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for benzimidazoles against helminths?

Inhibition of microtubule formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a naturally produced antifungal compound that blocks the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan in fungal cell walls?

Echinocandins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections by inhibiting ATP production?

Niclosamide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for avermectins against helminths?

Blocking of neuronal transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a synthetic analog of guanosine used to treat herpes virus infections?

Acyclovir Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antiviral drugs binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection?

Pleconaril Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?

Sulfadiazine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs against Giardia lamblia?

Inhibition of ATP production Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antihelminthic benzimidazoles against microorganisms other than helminths?

Inhibition of microtubule formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs?

Interfering with DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a selective target for echinocandins?

β(1→3) glucan synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?

Pentamidine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for benzimidazoles?

Inhibiting microtubule formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?

Niclosamide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for avermectins?

Binding to glutamate-gated chloride channels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a nucleoside analog used to treat hepatitis C?

Sofosbuvir Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used to treat respiratory syncytial virus?

Ribavirin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used to treat influenza A?

Amantadine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for neuraminidase inhibitors?

Blocking the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of action for pleconaril?

Preventing viral uncoating Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a selective target for antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?

Ergosterol synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is a nucleoside analog that inhibits nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses?

Acyclovir Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal drug targets ergosterol synthesis and is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes?

Polyenes Signup and view all the answers

Which antiprotozoan drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?

Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

Which antihelminthic drug binds to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake?

Mebendazole Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?

Sofosbuvir Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal drug that targets ergosterol synthesis is known for causing nephrotoxicity?

Polyenes Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug is used to treat influenza A by binding to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?

Amantadine Signup and view all the answers

Which group of antiviral drugs block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells?

Neuraminidase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which antiprotozoan drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?

Sulfadiazine Signup and view all the answers

Which antihelminthic drug is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections by inhibiting ATP production?

Niclosamide Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal drug that targets ergosterol synthesis is administered topically and used to treat cutaneous fungal infections?

Allylamines Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug is a nucleotide analog that inhibits RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis B?

Entecavir Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Antimicrobial Drugs: Targeting Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Viruses

Developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms like fungi, protozoa, and helminths is challenging due to their similarity to human cells.
Viruses replicate within host cells, making it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells.
Antifungal drugs target ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes, with examples including imidazoles, triazoles, allylamines, and polyenes.
Antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis are selectively toxic because human cell membranes use cholesterol instead of ergosterol.
The echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds, block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls, making them a selective target.
Antiprotozoan drugs target protozoan infections through mechanisms such as antimetabolites, nucleic acid synthesis interference, and DNA replication interference.
Artemisinins are plant-derived antifungals effective against malaria and are used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) due to the rise in resistance to antimalarial drugs.
Sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and spiramycin are used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii.
Nitroimidazoles, including metronidazole, are useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis.
Pentamidine, historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis.
Helminths are multicellular eukaryotes like humans, making it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them.
Synthetic benzimidazoles, like mebendazole and albendazole, bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake, and are also active against many other microorganisms. The avermectins, including ivermectin, bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms.Overview of Antiviral and Antihelminthic Drugs
Antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogs that inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses.
Acyclovir is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections.
Ribavirin interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus.
Sofosbuvir is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C.
Amantadine and rimantadine bind to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and are used to treat influenza A.
Neuraminidase inhibitors block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells.
Pleconaril binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection.
HIV is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance.
Combination therapy is typically used for HIV treatment, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, and fusion inhibitors.
Antihelminthic drugs treat parasitic worm infections.
Benzimidazoles inhibit microtubule formation and are used to treat a variety of helminth infections.
Niclosamide inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections.

Antimicrobial Drugs: Targeting Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Viruses

Developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms like fungi, protozoa, and helminths is challenging due to their similarity to human cells.
Viruses replicate within host cells, making it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells.
Antifungal drugs target ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes, with examples including imidazoles, triazoles, allylamines, and polyenes.
Antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis are selectively toxic because human cell membranes use cholesterol instead of ergosterol.
The echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds, block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls, making them a selective target.
Antiprotozoan drugs target protozoan infections through mechanisms such as antimetabolites, nucleic acid synthesis interference, and DNA replication interference.
Artemisinins are plant-derived antifungals effective against malaria and are used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) due to the rise in resistance to antimalarial drugs.
Sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and spiramycin are used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii.
Nitroimidazoles, including metronidazole, are useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis.
Pentamidine, historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis.
Helminths are multicellular eukaryotes like humans, making it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them.
Synthetic benzimidazoles, like mebendazole and albendazole, bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake, and are also active against many other microorganisms. The avermectins, including ivermectin, bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms.Overview of Antiviral and Antihelminthic Drugs
Antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogs that inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses.
Acyclovir is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections.
Ribavirin interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus.
Sofosbuvir is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C.
Amantadine and rimantadine bind to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and are used to treat influenza A.
Neuraminidase inhibitors block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells.
Pleconaril binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection.
HIV is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance.
Combination therapy is typically used for HIV treatment, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, and fusion inhibitors.
Antihelminthic drugs treat parasitic worm infections.
Benzimidazoles inhibit microtubule formation and are used to treat a variety of helminth infections.
Niclosamide inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections.

Antimicrobial Drugs: Targeting Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Viruses

Developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms like fungi, protozoa, and helminths is challenging due to their similarity to human cells.
Viruses replicate within host cells, making it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells.
Antifungal drugs target ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes, with examples including imidazoles, triazoles, allylamines, and polyenes.
Antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis are selectively toxic because human cell membranes use cholesterol instead of ergosterol.
The echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds, block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls, making them a selective target.
Antiprotozoan drugs target protozoan infections through mechanisms such as antimetabolites, nucleic acid synthesis interference, and DNA replication interference.
Artemisinins are plant-derived antifungals effective against malaria and are used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) due to the rise in resistance to antimalarial drugs.
Sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and spiramycin are used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii.
Nitroimidazoles, including metronidazole, are useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis.
Pentamidine, historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis.
Helminths are multicellular eukaryotes like humans, making it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them.
Synthetic benzimidazoles, like mebendazole and albendazole, bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake, and are also active against many other microorganisms. The avermectins, including ivermectin, bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms.Overview of Antiviral and Antihelminthic Drugs
Antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogs that inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses.
Acyclovir is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections.
Ribavirin interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus.
Sofosbuvir is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C.
Amantadine and rimantadine bind to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and are used to treat influenza A.
Neuraminidase inhibitors block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells.
Pleconaril binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection.
HIV is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance.
Combination therapy is typically used for HIV treatment, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, and fusion inhibitors.
Antihelminthic drugs treat parasitic worm infections.
Benzimidazoles inhibit microtubule formation and are used to treat a variety of helminth infections.
Niclosamide inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections.

Antimicrobial Drugs: Targeting Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Viruses

Developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms like fungi, protozoa, and helminths is challenging due to their similarity to human cells.
Viruses replicate within host cells, making it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells.
Antifungal drugs target ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes, with examples including imidazoles, triazoles, allylamines, and polyenes.
Antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis are selectively toxic because human cell membranes use cholesterol instead of ergosterol.
The echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds, block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls, making them a selective target.
Antiprotozoan drugs target protozoan infections through mechanisms such as antimetabolites, nucleic acid synthesis interference, and DNA replication interference.
Artemisinins are plant-derived antifungals effective against malaria and are used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) due to the rise in resistance to antimalarial drugs.
Sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and spiramycin are used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii.
Nitroimidazoles, including metronidazole, are useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis.
Pentamidine, historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis.
Helminths are multicellular eukaryotes like humans, making it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them.
Synthetic benzimidazoles, like mebendazole and albendazole, bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake, and are also active against many other microorganisms. The avermectins, including ivermectin, bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms.Overview of Antiviral and Antihelminthic Drugs
Antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogs that inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses.
Acyclovir is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections.
Ribavirin interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus.
Sofosbuvir is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C.
Amantadine and rimantadine bind to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and are used to treat influenza A.
Neuraminidase inhibitors block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells.
Pleconaril binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection.
HIV is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance.
Combination therapy is typically used for HIV treatment, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, and fusion inhibitors.
Antihelminthic drugs treat parasitic worm infections.
Benzimidazoles inhibit microtubule formation and are used to treat a variety of helminth infections.
Niclosamide inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections.

Antimicrobial Drugs: Targeting Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Viruses

Developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms like fungi, protozoa, and helminths is challenging due to their similarity to human cells.
Viruses replicate within host cells, making it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells.
Antifungal drugs target ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes, with examples including imidazoles, triazoles, allylamines, and polyenes.
Antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis are selectively toxic because human cell membranes use cholesterol instead of ergosterol.
The echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds, block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls, making them a selective target.
Antiprotozoan drugs target protozoan infections through mechanisms such as antimetabolites, nucleic acid synthesis interference, and DNA replication interference.
Artemisinins are plant-derived antifungals effective against malaria and are used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) due to the rise in resistance to antimalarial drugs.
Sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and spiramycin are used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii.
Nitroimidazoles, including metronidazole, are useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis.
Pentamidine, historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis.
Helminths are multicellular eukaryotes like humans, making it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them.
Synthetic benzimidazoles, like mebendazole and albendazole, bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake, and are also active against many other microorganisms. The avermectins, including ivermectin, bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms.Overview of Antiviral and Antihelminthic Drugs
Antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogs that inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses.
Acyclovir is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections.
Ribavirin interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus.
Sofosbuvir is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C.
Amantadine and rimantadine bind to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and are used to treat influenza A.
Neuraminidase inhibitors block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells.
Pleconaril binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection.
HIV is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance.
Combination therapy is typically used for HIV treatment, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, and fusion inhibitors.
Antihelminthic drugs treat parasitic worm infections.
Benzimidazoles inhibit microtubule formation and are used to treat a variety of helminth infections.
Niclosamide inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections.

Antimicrobial Drugs: Targeting Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Viruses

Developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms like fungi, protozoa, and helminths is challenging due to their similarity to human cells.
Viruses replicate within host cells, making it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells.
Antifungal drugs target ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes, with examples including imidazoles, triazoles, allylamines, and polyenes.
Antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis are selectively toxic because human cell membranes use cholesterol instead of ergosterol.
The echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds, block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls, making them a selective target.
Antiprotozoan drugs target protozoan infections through mechanisms such as antimetabolites, nucleic acid synthesis interference, and DNA replication interference.
Artemisinins are plant-derived antifungals effective against malaria and are used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) due to the rise in resistance to antimalarial drugs.
Sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and spiramycin are used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii.
Nitroimidazoles, including metronidazole, are useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis.
Pentamidine, historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis.
Helminths are multicellular eukaryotes like humans, making it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them.
Synthetic benzimidazoles, like mebendazole and albendazole, bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake, and are also active against many other microorganisms. The avermectins, including ivermectin, bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms.Overview of Antiviral and Antihelminthic Drugs
Antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogs that inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses.
Acyclovir is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections.
Ribavirin interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus.
Sofosbuvir is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C.
Amantadine and rimantadine bind to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and are used to treat influenza A.
Neuraminidase inhibitors block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells.
Pleconaril binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection.
HIV is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance.
Combination therapy is typically used for HIV treatment, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, and fusion inhibitors.
Antihelminthic drugs treat parasitic worm infections.
Benzimidazoles inhibit microtubule formation and are used to treat a variety of helminth infections.
Niclosamide inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections.

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Test your knowledge on the different types of antimicrobial drugs used to target fungi, protozoa, helminths, and viruses in this informative quiz. Learn about the challenges of developing drugs with selective toxicity and discover the mechanisms by which these drugs work. From antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis to antiviral drugs that inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis, this quiz covers it all. Take the quiz now and see how much you know about antimicrobial drugs.