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Questions and Answers
Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antifungal drugs?
Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antifungal drugs?
Why is it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells?
Why is it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells?
Which group of naturally produced antifungal compounds block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan in fungal cell walls?
Which group of naturally produced antifungal compounds block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan in fungal cell walls?
Why are antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis selectively toxic?
Why are antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis selectively toxic?
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Which plant-derived antifungals are effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
Which plant-derived antifungals are effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
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Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
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Which drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
Which drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
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Which drug is historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?
Which drug is historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?
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Why is it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against helminths?
Why is it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against helminths?
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Which synthetic benzimidazoles bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake?
Which synthetic benzimidazoles bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake?
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Which antiviral drug is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections?
Which antiviral drug is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections?
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Which retrovirus targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?
Which retrovirus targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?
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Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antifungal drugs?
Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antifungal drugs?
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Why is it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells?
Why is it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells?
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Which group of naturally produced antifungal compounds block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan in fungal cell walls?
Which group of naturally produced antifungal compounds block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan in fungal cell walls?
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Why are antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis selectively toxic?
Why are antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis selectively toxic?
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Which plant-derived antifungals are effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
Which plant-derived antifungals are effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
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Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
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Which drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
Which drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
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Which drug is historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?
Which drug is historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?
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Why is it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against helminths?
Why is it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against helminths?
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Which synthetic benzimidazoles bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake?
Which synthetic benzimidazoles bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake?
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Which antiviral drug is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections?
Which antiviral drug is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections?
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Which retrovirus targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?
Which retrovirus targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?
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What is the mechanism of action of antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?
What is the mechanism of action of antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?
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What is the mechanism of action of artemisinins?
What is the mechanism of action of artemisinins?
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What is the mechanism of action of nitroimidazoles?
What is the mechanism of action of nitroimidazoles?
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What is the mechanism of action of pleconaril?
What is the mechanism of action of pleconaril?
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What is the mechanism of action of benzimidazoles?
What is the mechanism of action of benzimidazoles?
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What is the mechanism of action of niclosamide?
What is the mechanism of action of niclosamide?
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What is the main challenge in developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms?
What is the main challenge in developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms?
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Why is it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells?
Why is it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells?
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What is the mechanism of action of the avermectins?
What is the mechanism of action of the avermectins?
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What is the main target of antiprotozoan drugs?
What is the main target of antiprotozoan drugs?
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What is the main target of antiviral drugs?
What is the main target of antiviral drugs?
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What is the main target of antihelminthic drugs?
What is the main target of antihelminthic drugs?
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Which of the following is a challenge in developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms?
Which of the following is a challenge in developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of viruses that makes it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to them?
Which of the following is a characteristic of viruses that makes it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to them?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?
Which of the following is NOT an example of antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?
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Which group of naturally produced antifungal compounds block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls?
Which group of naturally produced antifungal compounds block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls?
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Which of the following drugs is NOT used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
Which of the following drugs is NOT used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
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Which drug is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?
Which drug is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of helminths that makes it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them?
Which of the following is a characteristic of helminths that makes it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them?
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Which synthetic benzimidazole binds to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake?
Which synthetic benzimidazole binds to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake?
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Which antiviral drug interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus?
Which antiviral drug interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus?
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Which of the following is used to treat influenza A by binding to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?
Which of the following is used to treat influenza A by binding to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?
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Which antiviral drug blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?
Which antiviral drug blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?
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Which antihelminthic drug inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
Which antihelminthic drug inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
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Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antiprotozoan drugs?
Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antiprotozoan drugs?
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Which of the following is a plant-derived antifungal used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
Which of the following is a plant-derived antifungal used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
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Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
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Which of the following drugs is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
Which of the following drugs is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
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Which drug is historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?
Which drug is historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?
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Which of the following is a synthetic benzimidazole that binds to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake?
Which of the following is a synthetic benzimidazole that binds to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake?
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Which of the following antiviral drugs is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?
Which of the following antiviral drugs is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?
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Which drug binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection?
Which drug binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection?
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Which of the following antiviral drugs block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells?
Which of the following antiviral drugs block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells?
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Which of the following is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?
Which of the following is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?
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Which of the following is a mechanism used by antiprotozoan drugs to target protozoan infections?
Which of the following is a mechanism used by antiprotozoan drugs to target protozoan infections?
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Which of the following is a mechanism used by antihelminthic drugs to treat parasitic worm infections?
Which of the following is a mechanism used by antihelminthic drugs to treat parasitic worm infections?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs?
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Which of the following is a selective target for echinocandins?
Which of the following is a selective target for echinocandins?
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Which of the following drugs is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?
Which of the following drugs is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for synthetic benzimidazoles?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for synthetic benzimidazoles?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for niclosamide?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for niclosamide?
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Which of the following is a nucleoside analog used to treat herpes virus infections?
Which of the following is a nucleoside analog used to treat herpes virus infections?
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Which of the following is used to treat hepatitis C and interferes with viral polymerase activity?
Which of the following is used to treat hepatitis C and interferes with viral polymerase activity?
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Which of the following drugs is used to treat influenza A and binds to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?
Which of the following drugs is used to treat influenza A and binds to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?
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Which of the following drugs blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?
Which of the following drugs blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?
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Which of the following is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?
Which of the following is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?
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Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antihelminthic drugs?
Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antihelminthic drugs?
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Which of the following inhibits microtubule formation and is used to treat a variety of helminth infections?
Which of the following inhibits microtubule formation and is used to treat a variety of helminth infections?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs?
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Which of the following is a selective target for echinocandins?
Which of the following is a selective target for echinocandins?
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Which of the following drugs is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?
Which of the following drugs is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for synthetic benzimidazoles?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for synthetic benzimidazoles?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for niclosamide?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for niclosamide?
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Which of the following is a nucleoside analog used to treat herpes virus infections?
Which of the following is a nucleoside analog used to treat herpes virus infections?
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Which of the following is used to treat hepatitis C and interferes with viral polymerase activity?
Which of the following is used to treat hepatitis C and interferes with viral polymerase activity?
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Which of the following drugs is used to treat influenza A and binds to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?
Which of the following drugs is used to treat influenza A and binds to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?
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Which of the following drugs blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?
Which of the following drugs blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?
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Which of the following is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?
Which of the following is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?
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Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antihelminthic drugs?
Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antihelminthic drugs?
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Which of the following inhibits microtubule formation and is used to treat a variety of helminth infections?
Which of the following inhibits microtubule formation and is used to treat a variety of helminth infections?
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What is the mechanism of action of antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?
What is the mechanism of action of antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?
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Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
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What is the mechanism of action of pentamidine?
What is the mechanism of action of pentamidine?
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Which antifungal drug targets β(1→3) glucan synthesis in fungal cell walls?
Which antifungal drug targets β(1→3) glucan synthesis in fungal cell walls?
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Which drug is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?
Which drug is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?
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What is the mechanism of action of synthetic benzimidazoles like mebendazole and albendazole?
What is the mechanism of action of synthetic benzimidazoles like mebendazole and albendazole?
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Which drug is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections by inhibiting ATP production?
Which drug is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections by inhibiting ATP production?
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Which antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogs that inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses?
Which antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogs that inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses?
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Which drug is plant-derived and effective against malaria, used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
Which drug is plant-derived and effective against malaria, used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
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Which antiviral drug blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?
Which antiviral drug blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?
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Which antihelminthic drug binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms?
Which antihelminthic drug binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms?
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What is the mechanism of action of antiprotozoan drugs that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis?
What is the mechanism of action of antiprotozoan drugs that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antifungal drugs?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antifungal drugs?
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Which of the following is a plant-derived antifungal used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
Which of the following is a plant-derived antifungal used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
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Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs?
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Which drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
Which drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
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Which drug is historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?
Which drug is historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for benzimidazoles?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for benzimidazoles?
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Which drug is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?
Which drug is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?
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Which drug binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection?
Which drug binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for avermectins?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for avermectins?
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Which drugs are typically used in combination therapy for HIV treatment?
Which drugs are typically used in combination therapy for HIV treatment?
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Which drug inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
Which drug inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antifungal drugs?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antifungal drugs?
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Which of the following is a plant-derived antifungal drug effective against malaria?
Which of the following is a plant-derived antifungal drug effective against malaria?
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Which drug is useful in combating protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
Which drug is useful in combating protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
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Which of the following drugs is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?
Which of the following drugs is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?
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Which of the following drugs is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
Which of the following drugs is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
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Which of the following drugs binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms?
Which of the following drugs binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms?
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Which of the following drugs is used to treat influenza A by binding to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?
Which of the following drugs is used to treat influenza A by binding to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?
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Which of the following drugs blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?
Which of the following drugs blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antihelminthic drugs?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antihelminthic drugs?
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Which of the following drugs is a nucleoside analog that inhibits nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses and is used to treat herpes virus infections?
Which of the following drugs is a nucleoside analog that inhibits nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses and is used to treat herpes virus infections?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiviral drugs used to treat hepatitis C?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiviral drugs used to treat hepatitis C?
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Which of the following is a type of drug used in combination therapy for HIV treatment?
Which of the following is a type of drug used in combination therapy for HIV treatment?
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What is the mechanism of action of antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?
What is the mechanism of action of antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?
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What is the mechanism of action of the echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds?
What is the mechanism of action of the echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds?
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Which plant-derived antifungal is effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy?
Which plant-derived antifungal is effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy?
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Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
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Which drug is useful in combating Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
Which drug is useful in combating Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
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Which drug is historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?
Which drug is historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, and specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens?
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What is the mechanism of action of synthetic benzimidazoles like mebendazole and albendazole?
What is the mechanism of action of synthetic benzimidazoles like mebendazole and albendazole?
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What is the mechanism of action of niclosamide, an antihelminthic drug?
What is the mechanism of action of niclosamide, an antihelminthic drug?
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What is the mechanism of action of acyclovir, an antiviral drug used to treat herpes virus infections?
What is the mechanism of action of acyclovir, an antiviral drug used to treat herpes virus infections?
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What is the mechanism of action of ribavirin, an antiviral drug used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus?
What is the mechanism of action of ribavirin, an antiviral drug used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus?
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Which antiviral drug is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?
Which antiviral drug is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?
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Which retrovirus targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?
Which retrovirus targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?
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Which of the following is a mechanism used by antiprotozoan drugs to target protozoan infections?
Which of the following is a mechanism used by antiprotozoan drugs to target protozoan infections?
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Which of the following is a selective target of antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?
Which of the following is a selective target of antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?
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Which of the following is a plant-derived antifungal effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
Which of the following is a plant-derived antifungal effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
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Which of the following is a drug used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
Which of the following is a drug used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
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Which of the following is a mechanism used by pentamidine to treat certain pathogens?
Which of the following is a mechanism used by pentamidine to treat certain pathogens?
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Which of the following is a mechanism used by synthetic benzimidazoles to target helminth infections?
Which of the following is a mechanism used by synthetic benzimidazoles to target helminth infections?
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Which of the following is a mechanism used by niclosamide to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
Which of the following is a mechanism used by niclosamide to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
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Which of the following is a mechanism used by acyclovir to treat herpes virus infections?
Which of the following is a mechanism used by acyclovir to treat herpes virus infections?
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Which of the following is a mechanism used by ribavirin to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus?
Which of the following is a mechanism used by ribavirin to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus?
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Which of the following is a mechanism used by amantadine and rimantadine to treat influenza A?
Which of the following is a mechanism used by amantadine and rimantadine to treat influenza A?
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Which of the following is a mechanism used by neuraminidase inhibitors to prevent the release of influenza virus from infected cells?
Which of the following is a mechanism used by neuraminidase inhibitors to prevent the release of influenza virus from infected cells?
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Which of the following is a mechanism used by HIV to develop antiviral drug resistance?
Which of the following is a mechanism used by HIV to develop antiviral drug resistance?
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What is the mechanism of action for antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?
What is the mechanism of action for antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?
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What is the mechanism of action for echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds?
What is the mechanism of action for echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds?
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What is the mechanism of action for pentamidine, a drug used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?
What is the mechanism of action for pentamidine, a drug used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?
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What is the mechanism of action for synthetic benzimidazoles, like mebendazole and albendazole, used to treat helminth infections?
What is the mechanism of action for synthetic benzimidazoles, like mebendazole and albendazole, used to treat helminth infections?
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Which drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
Which drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
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What is the mechanism of action for niclosamide, a drug used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
What is the mechanism of action for niclosamide, a drug used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
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Which antiviral drug interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?
Which antiviral drug interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?
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Which antiviral drug binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection?
Which antiviral drug binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection?
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Which antiviral drug is used to treat influenza A by binding to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?
Which antiviral drug is used to treat influenza A by binding to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?
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What is the mechanism of action for ribavirin, an antiviral drug used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus?
What is the mechanism of action for ribavirin, an antiviral drug used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus?
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What is the mechanism of action for artemisinins, plant-derived antifungals used to treat malaria?
What is the mechanism of action for artemisinins, plant-derived antifungals used to treat malaria?
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Which group of drugs is used to treat parasitic worm infections?
Which group of drugs is used to treat parasitic worm infections?
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Which of the following is a mechanism used by antiprotozoan drugs to target protozoan infections?
Which of the following is a mechanism used by antiprotozoan drugs to target protozoan infections?
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Which of the following is a selective target of echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds?
Which of the following is a selective target of echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds?
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Which of the following is a plant-derived antifungal effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
Which of the following is a plant-derived antifungal effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
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Which of the following drugs is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?
Which of the following drugs is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?
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Which of the following is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections?
Which of the following is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections?
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Which of the following antiviral drugs is used to treat hepatitis C and interferes with viral polymerase activity?
Which of the following antiviral drugs is used to treat hepatitis C and interferes with viral polymerase activity?
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Which of the following drugs bind to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and are used to treat influenza A?
Which of the following drugs bind to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and are used to treat influenza A?
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Which of the following antiviral drugs block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells?
Which of the following antiviral drugs block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells?
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Which of the following is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?
Which of the following is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance?
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Which of the following drugs inhibit ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
Which of the following drugs inhibit ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
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Which of the following drugs bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake, and are also active against many other microorganisms?
Which of the following drugs bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake, and are also active against many other microorganisms?
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Which of the following drugs specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?
Which of the following drugs specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action of antiprotozoan drugs?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action of antiprotozoan drugs?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of helminths that makes it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them?
Which of the following is a characteristic of helminths that makes it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them?
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Which of the following antifungal drugs targets ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes?
Which of the following antifungal drugs targets ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes?
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Which plant-derived antifungal is effective against malaria and is used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
Which plant-derived antifungal is effective against malaria and is used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
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Which antiviral drug is used to treat hepatitis C by interfering with viral polymerase activity?
Which antiviral drug is used to treat hepatitis C by interfering with viral polymerase activity?
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Which antiviral drug binds to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and is used to treat influenza A?
Which antiviral drug binds to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and is used to treat influenza A?
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Which antihelminthic drug binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms?
Which antihelminthic drug binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms?
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Which antiprotozoan drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
Which antiprotozoan drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
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Which antifungal drug selectively targets fungi by blocking the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls?
Which antifungal drug selectively targets fungi by blocking the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls?
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Which antiviral drug is a nucleoside analog that is used to treat herpes virus infections?
Which antiviral drug is a nucleoside analog that is used to treat herpes virus infections?
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Which antihelminthic drug inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
Which antihelminthic drug inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
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Which antiviral drug blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?
Which antiviral drug blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action of antiprotozoan drugs?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action of antiprotozoan drugs?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of helminths that makes it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them?
Which of the following is a characteristic of helminths that makes it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them?
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Which of the following antifungal drugs targets ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes?
Which of the following antifungal drugs targets ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes?
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Which plant-derived antifungal is effective against malaria and is used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
Which plant-derived antifungal is effective against malaria and is used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
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Which antiviral drug is used to treat hepatitis C by interfering with viral polymerase activity?
Which antiviral drug is used to treat hepatitis C by interfering with viral polymerase activity?
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Which antiviral drug binds to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and is used to treat influenza A?
Which antiviral drug binds to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and is used to treat influenza A?
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Which antihelminthic drug binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms?
Which antihelminthic drug binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antiprotozoan drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
Which antiprotozoan drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
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Which antifungal drug selectively targets fungi by blocking the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls?
Which antifungal drug selectively targets fungi by blocking the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls?
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Which antiviral drug is a nucleoside analog that is used to treat herpes virus infections?
Which antiviral drug is a nucleoside analog that is used to treat herpes virus infections?
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Which antihelminthic drug inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
Which antihelminthic drug inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
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Which antiviral drug blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?
Which antiviral drug blocks the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevents the release of the virus from infected cells?
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Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antiprotozoan drugs?
Which type of microorganisms are targeted by antiprotozoan drugs?
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Which of the following is a synthetic analog of guanosine used to treat herpes virus infections?
Which of the following is a synthetic analog of guanosine used to treat herpes virus infections?
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Which antifungal drug targets ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes?
Which antifungal drug targets ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes?
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Which antifungal drugs are selectively toxic because human cell membranes use cholesterol instead of ergosterol?
Which antifungal drugs are selectively toxic because human cell membranes use cholesterol instead of ergosterol?
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Which naturally produced antifungal compounds block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls?
Which naturally produced antifungal compounds block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls?
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Which drug is used to treat hepatitis C and interferes with viral polymerase activity?
Which drug is used to treat hepatitis C and interferes with viral polymerase activity?
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Which plant-derived antifungals are effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
Which plant-derived antifungals are effective against malaria and used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)?
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Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
Which drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
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Which drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
Which drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which drug, historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?
Which drug, historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?
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Which antiviral drug binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection?
Which antiviral drug binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection?
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Which antihelminthic drug inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
Which antihelminthic drug inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs?
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Which of the following is a selective target for antifungal drugs?
Which of the following is a selective target for antifungal drugs?
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Which of the following antiviral drugs is used to treat hepatitis C by interfering with viral polymerase activity?
Which of the following antiviral drugs is used to treat hepatitis C by interfering with viral polymerase activity?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for benzimidazoles against helminths?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for benzimidazoles against helminths?
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Which of the following is a naturally produced antifungal compound that blocks the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan in fungal cell walls?
Which of the following is a naturally produced antifungal compound that blocks the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan in fungal cell walls?
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Which of the following drugs is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections by inhibiting ATP production?
Which of the following drugs is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections by inhibiting ATP production?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for avermectins against helminths?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for avermectins against helminths?
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Which of the following is a synthetic analog of guanosine used to treat herpes virus infections?
Which of the following is a synthetic analog of guanosine used to treat herpes virus infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following antiviral drugs binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection?
Which of the following antiviral drugs binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following drugs is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
Which of the following drugs is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs against Giardia lamblia?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs against Giardia lamblia?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antihelminthic benzimidazoles against microorganisms other than helminths?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antihelminthic benzimidazoles against microorganisms other than helminths?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for antiprotozoan drugs?
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Which of the following is a selective target for echinocandins?
Which of the following is a selective target for echinocandins?
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Which of the following drugs is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?
Which of the following drugs is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for benzimidazoles?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for benzimidazoles?
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Which of the following drugs is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
Which of the following drugs is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for avermectins?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for avermectins?
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Which of the following is a nucleoside analog used to treat hepatitis C?
Which of the following is a nucleoside analog used to treat hepatitis C?
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Which of the following drugs is used to treat respiratory syncytial virus?
Which of the following drugs is used to treat respiratory syncytial virus?
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Which of the following drugs is used to treat influenza A?
Which of the following drugs is used to treat influenza A?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for neuraminidase inhibitors?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for neuraminidase inhibitors?
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Which of the following is a mechanism of action for pleconaril?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action for pleconaril?
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Which of the following is a selective target for antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?
Which of the following is a selective target for antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis?
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Which drug is a nucleoside analog that inhibits nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses?
Which drug is a nucleoside analog that inhibits nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses?
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Which antifungal drug targets ergosterol synthesis and is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes?
Which antifungal drug targets ergosterol synthesis and is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antiprotozoan drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
Which antiprotozoan drug is useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antihelminthic drug binds to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake?
Which antihelminthic drug binds to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake?
Signup and view all the answers
Which drug is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?
Which drug is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C?
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Which antifungal drug that targets ergosterol synthesis is known for causing nephrotoxicity?
Which antifungal drug that targets ergosterol synthesis is known for causing nephrotoxicity?
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Which antiviral drug is used to treat influenza A by binding to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?
Which antiviral drug is used to treat influenza A by binding to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape?
Signup and view all the answers
Which group of antiviral drugs block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells?
Which group of antiviral drugs block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antiprotozoan drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
Which antiprotozoan drug is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antihelminthic drug is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections by inhibiting ATP production?
Which antihelminthic drug is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections by inhibiting ATP production?
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Which antifungal drug that targets ergosterol synthesis is administered topically and used to treat cutaneous fungal infections?
Which antifungal drug that targets ergosterol synthesis is administered topically and used to treat cutaneous fungal infections?
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Which antiviral drug is a nucleotide analog that inhibits RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis B?
Which antiviral drug is a nucleotide analog that inhibits RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis B?
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Study Notes
Antimicrobial Drugs: Targeting Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Viruses
-
Developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms like fungi, protozoa, and helminths is challenging due to their similarity to human cells.
-
Viruses replicate within host cells, making it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells.
-
Antifungal drugs target ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes, with examples including imidazoles, triazoles, allylamines, and polyenes.
-
Antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis are selectively toxic because human cell membranes use cholesterol instead of ergosterol.
-
The echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds, block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls, making them a selective target.
-
Antiprotozoan drugs target protozoan infections through mechanisms such as antimetabolites, nucleic acid synthesis interference, and DNA replication interference.
-
Artemisinins are plant-derived antifungals effective against malaria and are used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) due to the rise in resistance to antimalarial drugs.
-
Sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and spiramycin are used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii.
-
Nitroimidazoles, including metronidazole, are useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis.
-
Pentamidine, historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis.
-
Helminths are multicellular eukaryotes like humans, making it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them.
-
Synthetic benzimidazoles, like mebendazole and albendazole, bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake, and are also active against many other microorganisms. The avermectins, including ivermectin, bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms.Overview of Antiviral and Antihelminthic Drugs
-
Antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogs that inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses.
-
Acyclovir is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections.
-
Ribavirin interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus.
-
Sofosbuvir is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C.
-
Amantadine and rimantadine bind to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and are used to treat influenza A.
-
Neuraminidase inhibitors block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells.
-
Pleconaril binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection.
-
HIV is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance.
-
Combination therapy is typically used for HIV treatment, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, and fusion inhibitors.
-
Antihelminthic drugs treat parasitic worm infections.
-
Benzimidazoles inhibit microtubule formation and are used to treat a variety of helminth infections.
-
Niclosamide inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections.
Antimicrobial Drugs: Targeting Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Viruses
-
Developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms like fungi, protozoa, and helminths is challenging due to their similarity to human cells.
-
Viruses replicate within host cells, making it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells.
-
Antifungal drugs target ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes, with examples including imidazoles, triazoles, allylamines, and polyenes.
-
Antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis are selectively toxic because human cell membranes use cholesterol instead of ergosterol.
-
The echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds, block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls, making them a selective target.
-
Antiprotozoan drugs target protozoan infections through mechanisms such as antimetabolites, nucleic acid synthesis interference, and DNA replication interference.
-
Artemisinins are plant-derived antifungals effective against malaria and are used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) due to the rise in resistance to antimalarial drugs.
-
Sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and spiramycin are used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii.
-
Nitroimidazoles, including metronidazole, are useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis.
-
Pentamidine, historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis.
-
Helminths are multicellular eukaryotes like humans, making it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them.
-
Synthetic benzimidazoles, like mebendazole and albendazole, bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake, and are also active against many other microorganisms. The avermectins, including ivermectin, bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms.Overview of Antiviral and Antihelminthic Drugs
-
Antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogs that inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses.
-
Acyclovir is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections.
-
Ribavirin interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus.
-
Sofosbuvir is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C.
-
Amantadine and rimantadine bind to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and are used to treat influenza A.
-
Neuraminidase inhibitors block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells.
-
Pleconaril binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection.
-
HIV is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance.
-
Combination therapy is typically used for HIV treatment, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, and fusion inhibitors.
-
Antihelminthic drugs treat parasitic worm infections.
-
Benzimidazoles inhibit microtubule formation and are used to treat a variety of helminth infections.
-
Niclosamide inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections.
Antimicrobial Drugs: Targeting Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Viruses
-
Developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms like fungi, protozoa, and helminths is challenging due to their similarity to human cells.
-
Viruses replicate within host cells, making it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells.
-
Antifungal drugs target ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes, with examples including imidazoles, triazoles, allylamines, and polyenes.
-
Antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis are selectively toxic because human cell membranes use cholesterol instead of ergosterol.
-
The echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds, block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls, making them a selective target.
-
Antiprotozoan drugs target protozoan infections through mechanisms such as antimetabolites, nucleic acid synthesis interference, and DNA replication interference.
-
Artemisinins are plant-derived antifungals effective against malaria and are used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) due to the rise in resistance to antimalarial drugs.
-
Sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and spiramycin are used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii.
-
Nitroimidazoles, including metronidazole, are useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis.
-
Pentamidine, historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis.
-
Helminths are multicellular eukaryotes like humans, making it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them.
-
Synthetic benzimidazoles, like mebendazole and albendazole, bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake, and are also active against many other microorganisms. The avermectins, including ivermectin, bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms.Overview of Antiviral and Antihelminthic Drugs
-
Antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogs that inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses.
-
Acyclovir is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections.
-
Ribavirin interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus.
-
Sofosbuvir is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C.
-
Amantadine and rimantadine bind to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and are used to treat influenza A.
-
Neuraminidase inhibitors block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells.
-
Pleconaril binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection.
-
HIV is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance.
-
Combination therapy is typically used for HIV treatment, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, and fusion inhibitors.
-
Antihelminthic drugs treat parasitic worm infections.
-
Benzimidazoles inhibit microtubule formation and are used to treat a variety of helminth infections.
-
Niclosamide inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections.
Antimicrobial Drugs: Targeting Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Viruses
-
Developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms like fungi, protozoa, and helminths is challenging due to their similarity to human cells.
-
Viruses replicate within host cells, making it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells.
-
Antifungal drugs target ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes, with examples including imidazoles, triazoles, allylamines, and polyenes.
-
Antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis are selectively toxic because human cell membranes use cholesterol instead of ergosterol.
-
The echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds, block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls, making them a selective target.
-
Antiprotozoan drugs target protozoan infections through mechanisms such as antimetabolites, nucleic acid synthesis interference, and DNA replication interference.
-
Artemisinins are plant-derived antifungals effective against malaria and are used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) due to the rise in resistance to antimalarial drugs.
-
Sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and spiramycin are used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii.
-
Nitroimidazoles, including metronidazole, are useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis.
-
Pentamidine, historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis.
-
Helminths are multicellular eukaryotes like humans, making it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them.
-
Synthetic benzimidazoles, like mebendazole and albendazole, bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake, and are also active against many other microorganisms. The avermectins, including ivermectin, bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms.Overview of Antiviral and Antihelminthic Drugs
-
Antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogs that inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses.
-
Acyclovir is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections.
-
Ribavirin interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus.
-
Sofosbuvir is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C.
-
Amantadine and rimantadine bind to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and are used to treat influenza A.
-
Neuraminidase inhibitors block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells.
-
Pleconaril binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection.
-
HIV is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance.
-
Combination therapy is typically used for HIV treatment, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, and fusion inhibitors.
-
Antihelminthic drugs treat parasitic worm infections.
-
Benzimidazoles inhibit microtubule formation and are used to treat a variety of helminth infections.
-
Niclosamide inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections.
Antimicrobial Drugs: Targeting Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Viruses
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Developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms like fungi, protozoa, and helminths is challenging due to their similarity to human cells.
-
Viruses replicate within host cells, making it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells.
-
Antifungal drugs target ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes, with examples including imidazoles, triazoles, allylamines, and polyenes.
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Antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis are selectively toxic because human cell membranes use cholesterol instead of ergosterol.
-
The echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds, block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls, making them a selective target.
-
Antiprotozoan drugs target protozoan infections through mechanisms such as antimetabolites, nucleic acid synthesis interference, and DNA replication interference.
-
Artemisinins are plant-derived antifungals effective against malaria and are used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) due to the rise in resistance to antimalarial drugs.
-
Sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and spiramycin are used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii.
-
Nitroimidazoles, including metronidazole, are useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis.
-
Pentamidine, historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis.
-
Helminths are multicellular eukaryotes like humans, making it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them.
-
Synthetic benzimidazoles, like mebendazole and albendazole, bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake, and are also active against many other microorganisms. The avermectins, including ivermectin, bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms.Overview of Antiviral and Antihelminthic Drugs
-
Antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogs that inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses.
-
Acyclovir is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections.
-
Ribavirin interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus.
-
Sofosbuvir is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C.
-
Amantadine and rimantadine bind to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and are used to treat influenza A.
-
Neuraminidase inhibitors block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells.
-
Pleconaril binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection.
-
HIV is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance.
-
Combination therapy is typically used for HIV treatment, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, and fusion inhibitors.
-
Antihelminthic drugs treat parasitic worm infections.
-
Benzimidazoles inhibit microtubule formation and are used to treat a variety of helminth infections.
-
Niclosamide inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections.
Antimicrobial Drugs: Targeting Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Viruses
-
Developing drugs with selective toxicity against eukaryotic microorganisms like fungi, protozoa, and helminths is challenging due to their similarity to human cells.
-
Viruses replicate within host cells, making it difficult to develop drugs selectively toxic to viruses or virus-infected cells.
-
Antifungal drugs target ergosterol synthesis, which is predominantly found in fungal cell membranes, with examples including imidazoles, triazoles, allylamines, and polyenes.
-
Antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis are selectively toxic because human cell membranes use cholesterol instead of ergosterol.
-
The echinocandins, a group of naturally produced antifungal compounds, block the synthesis of β(1→3) glucan found in fungal cell walls, making them a selective target.
-
Antiprotozoan drugs target protozoan infections through mechanisms such as antimetabolites, nucleic acid synthesis interference, and DNA replication interference.
-
Artemisinins are plant-derived antifungals effective against malaria and are used in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) due to the rise in resistance to antimalarial drugs.
-
Sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and spiramycin are used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii.
-
Nitroimidazoles, including metronidazole, are useful in combating a wide variety of protozoan pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis.
-
Pentamidine, historically used for African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, specifically interferes with DNA replication in certain pathogens and is used as an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis.
-
Helminths are multicellular eukaryotes like humans, making it difficult to develop drugs with selective toxicity against them.
-
Synthetic benzimidazoles, like mebendazole and albendazole, bind to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation and reducing glucose uptake, and are also active against many other microorganisms. The avermectins, including ivermectin, bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels specific to invertebrates including helminths, blocking neuronal transmission and causing starvation, paralysis, and death of the worms.Overview of Antiviral and Antihelminthic Drugs
-
Antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogs that inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis in viruses.
-
Acyclovir is a synthetic analog of guanosine that is used to treat herpes virus infections.
-
Ribavirin interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis and is used to treat hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus.
-
Sofosbuvir is a uridine analog that interferes with viral polymerase activity and is used to treat hepatitis C.
-
Amantadine and rimantadine bind to a transmembrane protein involved in influenza virus escape and are used to treat influenza A.
-
Neuraminidase inhibitors block the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase and prevent the release of the virus from infected cells.
-
Pleconaril binds to the viral capsid and prevents uncoating of viral particles inside host cells during viral infection.
-
HIV is a retrovirus that targets CD4-positive white blood cells and lacks proofreading activity, leading to rapid development of antiviral drug resistance.
-
Combination therapy is typically used for HIV treatment, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, and fusion inhibitors.
-
Antihelminthic drugs treat parasitic worm infections.
-
Benzimidazoles inhibit microtubule formation and are used to treat a variety of helminth infections.
-
Niclosamide inhibits ATP production and is used to treat intestinal tapeworm infections.
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Test your knowledge on the different types of antimicrobial drugs used to target fungi, protozoa, helminths, and viruses in this informative quiz. Learn about the challenges of developing drugs with selective toxicity and discover the mechanisms by which these drugs work. From antifungal drugs that target ergosterol synthesis to antiviral drugs that inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis, this quiz covers it all. Take the quiz now and see how much you know about antimicrobial drugs.
