25 Questions
Which diuretic blocks the thick loop of henle from reabsorbing $NaCl$?
Furosemide
What is the mechanism of action of Osmotic diuretics like Mannitol?
Creates osmotic force within the lumen of nephron
Which diuretic is considered 1st line treatment for heart failure and fluid volume overload?
Furosemide
Which diuretic is known to spare potassium?
Spironolactone
Which diuretic is indicated for refractory volume overload and altitude sickness?
Mannitol
Which diuretic is least bioavailable but most commonly prescribed?
Furosemide
Which diuretic should be used with caution in individuals with a sulfa allergy?
Furosemide
Which diuretic crosses the placenta and is categorized as class B for pregnancy?
Hydrochlorothiazide
Which medication is recommended for afterload reduction and decreasing cardiac-related deaths in heart failure?
Hydralazine & isosorbide dinitrate
Which medication disrupts Na & K channels, leading to a decrease in heart rate and oxygen demand?
Ranolazine
Which medication is a neprilysin inhibitor that prevents the breakdown of natriuretic peptides and is used for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?
Entresto
Which medication should be used if a patient has angina and heart failure?
Amlodipine
Which medication is used for chronic angina and can worsen angina symptoms?
Isosorbide Mononitrate
Which medication is a direct smooth muscle relaxant causing vasodilation, including coronary arteries?
Isosorbide Mononitrate
Which medication can be used with nitrates, beta blockers, or calcium channel blockers in heart failure?
Ranolazine
Which medication is a hydralazine vasodilator that restores nitric oxide and dilates arteries and veins?
Hydralazine & isosorbide dinitrate
Which medication is a sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitor that can be used for heart failure with mid-range or reduced ejection fraction?
Empagliflozin
Which class of medications is indicated for hypertension, post-MI, and diabetic nephropathy, but contraindicated in pregnancy, renal artery stenosis, and concurrent use with spironolactone or lithium?
ACE inhibitors
Which class of medications competitively inhibits angiotensin II and is indicated for hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy/retinopathy?
ARBs
Which class of medications blocks calcium channels on peripheral smooth muscle and is indicated for hypertension, dysrhythmias, and angina?
Calcium channel blockers
Which class of medications decrease plasma renin activity and are indicated for hypertension, often combined with CCBs or HCTZ?
Renin inhibitors
Which class of medications act directly on the smooth muscle of arterioles via nitric oxide and are indicated for angina, with contraindications for glaucoma, migraines, and certain medical conditions?
Nitrates
Which class of medications should be avoided in pregnancy, along with propranolol, atenolol, metoprolol, and bisoprolol, and are first-line treatments for pregnancy-induced hypertension?
ACE inhibitors
Which class of medications reduce sympathetic outflow and are indicated for hypertension, with off-label uses including pain, opioid withdrawal, and ADHD?
Alpha-2 agonists
Which class of medications have side effects such as hyperkalemia, angioedema, and cough, and are contraindicated in pregnancy, renal artery stenosis, and concurrent use with spironolactone or lithium?
ACE inhibitors
Study Notes
Antihypertensive Medications Overview
- ACE inhibitors include lisinopril, benazepril, enalapril, ramipril, and captopril; they block the conversion of angiotensin I to II and are indicated for hypertension, post-MI, and diabetic nephropathy
- ACE inhibitors have side effects such as hyperkalemia, angioedema, and cough, and are contraindicated in pregnancy, renal artery stenosis, and concurrent use with spironolactone or lithium
- ARBs, like valsartan and losartan, competitively inhibit angiotensin II and are indicated for hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy/retinopathy
- ARBs have similar side effects to ACE inhibitors and are contraindicated in pregnancy and renal artery stenosis
- Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) such as amlodipine, nicardipine, and nifedipine block calcium channels on peripheral smooth muscle and are indicated for hypertension, dysrhythmias, and angina
- Renin inhibitors like aliskiren decrease plasma renin activity and are indicated for hypertension, often combined with CCBs or HCTZ
- Alpha-1 antagonists (blockers) like doxazosin and prazosin block vascular alpha-1 receptors on smooth muscle and are indicated for hypertension, with off-label uses including BPH and PTSD nightmares
- Alpha-2 agonists like clonidine and methyldopa reduce sympathetic outflow and are indicated for hypertension, with off-label uses including pain, opioid withdrawal, and ADHD
- Beta blockers have first, second, and third-generation types, with varying indications and contraindications based on their selectivity and effects on the lungs and heart
- Vasodilators like hydralazine and sodium nitroprusside are indicated for hypertension and heart failure, with specific considerations for monitoring and contraindications
- Nitrates like nitroglycerin act directly on the smooth muscle of arterioles via nitric oxide and are indicated for angina, with contraindications for glaucoma, migraines, and certain medical conditions
- Medications to avoid in pregnancy include ACE/ARB/RI, propranolol, atenolol, metoprolol, and bisoprolol, with labetalol and methyldopa being first-line treatments for pregnancy-induced hypertension. Nifedipine and HCTZ are second-line treatments.
Test your knowledge of antihypertensive medications with this comprehensive overview quiz. Explore the different classes of medications, their indications, contraindications, and side effects, as well as special considerations for specific patient populations.
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