Antihypertensive Agents and Hypertension Basics
40 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What type of arrhythmias is Flecainide primarily used to treat?

  • Supraventricular arrhythmias (correct)
  • Atrial fibrillation
  • Hypokalemia-based arrhythmias
  • Ventricular arrhythmias

    • Which drug is characterized by its potent blockade of sodium and potassium channels?

  • Moricizine
  • Dronedarone
  • Sotalol (correct)
  • Propranolol

    • What is a primary characteristic of the half-life of Dofetilide?

  • 5 to 7 hours (correct)
  • 10 to 12 hours
  • 20 hours
  • 1 to 2 hours

    • Which medication has no antimuscarinic effects and is used for supraventricular arrhythmias?

    <p>Dronedarone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agents is classified as a Class 2 beta adrenoceptor blocking agent?

    <p>Propranolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary adverse effects of Dofetilide include which of the following?

    <p>Metallic taste and constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of the action potential duration modification caused by Moricizine?

    <p>Increases in hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oral bioavailability of Sotalol?

    <p>Well absorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Niacin in lipid management?

    <p>Inhibits VLDL secretion, decreasing LDL production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport protein is targeted by the cholesterol absorption inhibitor mentioned?

    <p>NPC1L1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosing range for the drug mentioned in the context of treating hypercholesterolemia?

    <p>5-20 mg/d</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is associated with Niacin treatment?

    <p>Pruritus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of bile acid-binding resins?

    <p>To isolate increases in LDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) mentioned in lipid metabolism?

    <p>Addition of triglycerides to VLDL and chylomicrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a side effect of Niacin?

    <p>Myositis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of compounds do bile acid-binding resins consist of?

    <p>Polymeric cationic exchange resins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism involved in the active transport of ferrous iron (Fe2+) into the intestinal mucosal cell?

    <p>Active transport by the divalent metal transporter DMT1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ferroportin in iron metabolism?

    <p>It transports iron across the basolateral membrane into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most commonly associated with iron deficiency?

    <p>Chronic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common symptoms associated with iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Pallor and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule in plasma binds to ferric iron for transport?

    <p>Transferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of iron is stored in intestinal epithelial cells?

    <p>Ferritin complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iron deficiency can lead to which of the following conditions?

    <p>Tissue hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the daily requirement for iron to prevent deficiency?

    <p>A small amount met by a diverse diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What blood pressure readings categorize hypertension?

    <p>Systolic 140 or greater, diastolic 90 or greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk factor is NOT associated with hypertension?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diuretics lower blood pressure primarily by which mechanism?

    <p>Depleting sodium stores and reducing blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antihypertensive agents alters sympathetic nervous system function?

    <p>Sympathoplegic agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Direct vasodilators primarily target which system in the body?

    <p>Renin-angiotensin system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of untreated hypertension?

    <p>Manifestations of end-organ damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do diuretics have on urine excretion?

    <p>Increase urine excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hypertension and family history?

    <p>Family history increases the risk of hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hepcidin in iron regulation?

    <p>It serves as a key regulator of iron absorption and storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein can directly influence iron transport in the body?

    <p>Ferroxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of anemia is characterized by low mean cell volume and low mean cell hemoglobin concentration?

    <p>Microcytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which demographic is iron deficiency most commonly seen?

    <p>Infants and pregnant women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method by which small amounts of iron are lost from the body?

    <p>Through exfoliation of intestinal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of iron is absorbed more efficiently by the body?

    <p>Heme iron from meat proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the need for increased iron demands in the body?

    <p>Increased erythrocyte production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of specialized transport proteins in iron regulation?

    <p>To facilitate the binding of iron to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Antihypertensive Agents and Hypertension Basics

    • Hypertension defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg.
    • Risk factors for hypertension include:
      • Smoking
      • Metabolic syndrome
      • Family history of hypertension
      • Evidence of end-organ damage at diagnosis.

    Classification and Mechanisms of Antihypertensive Agents

    • Antihypertensive agents alter sodium and water balance (e.g., diuretics), modulate sympathetic nervous system activity (e.g., sympathoplegic agents), and act as direct vasodilators by targeting angiotensin production/action.

    Diuretics

    • Diuretics reduce blood pressure by:
      • Depleting sodium stores, thereby reducing blood volume.
      • Enhancing urine excretion.

    Electrocardiography

    • Monitors heart's electrical activity through electrodes; formats signals into waveforms.
    • Key in diagnosing cardiac conditions.

    Antiarrhythmic Drugs

    • Flecainide (IC)

      • Blocks sodium channels, used for supraventricular arrhythmias.
      • Half-life of 20 hours.

    • Propafenone (IC)

      • Similar to flecainide, effective for ventricular arrhythmias.

    • Dronedarone

      • Weak blockade; used for supraventricular arrhythmias.
      • Common side effects include metallic taste and constipation.

    • Dofetilide

      • Prolongs action potential via potassium channel blockade; used for maintaining sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation.

    • Moricizine (IC)

      • Sodium channel blocker with slow kinetics, useful for ventricular arrhythmias.

    Beta-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents

    • Propranolol lowers heart rate and prolongs action potential.
    • Improves cardiovascular outcomes in patients with arrhythmias.

    Cholesterol-Lowering Agents

    • Ezetimibe

      • Inhibits cholesterol absorption in the intestine.
      • Effective in lowering LDL and increasing HDL levels.

    • Bile Acid-Binding Resins

      • Examples: Colestipol, cholestyramine.
      • Bind bile acids in the intestine to prevent reabsorption and lower LDL cholesterol.

    Iron Deficiency and Transport

    • Iron deficiency anemia is indicated by hypochromic, microcytic erythrocytes.
    • Causes symptoms like pallor, fatigue, dizziness, and exertional dyspnea.
    • Iron absorption mechanisms include:
      • Active transport of ferrous iron.
      • Complex formation with heme.

    Iron Regulation and Clinical Pharmacology

    • Iron transport occurs via transferrin and is stored as ferritin in tissues.
    • No excretion mechanism for excess iron; instead, it is controlled through absorption regulation.
    • Hepcidin is a key regulator of iron homeostasis, produced by liver cells.

    Clinical Indications for Iron Preparations

    • Used for treatment or prevention of iron deficiency anemia, particularly in:
      • Infants
      • Pregnant and lactating women
      • Individuals with chronic kidney disease or conditions causing increased iron needs.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    PBS 3107 Cardiovascular-Renal Drugs Antihypertensive Agents PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of hypertension, including definitions, risk factors, and the classification of antihypertensive agents. You'll also learn about the mechanisms of diuretics and antiarrhythmic drugs, including their role in managing cardiac conditions. Test your knowledge and understanding of these important medical topics.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser