L-23 Antifungal Agents and Pathogenic Fungi

<p>Nizoral (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nystatin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nystatin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Form pores in the fungal cell membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Superficial mycoses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caspofungin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They often occur in patients with underlying immunosuppression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Echinocandins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They disrupt the formation of fungal cell membranes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sterol 14-alpha demethylase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seizures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Itraconazole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oropharyngeal candidiasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water solubility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deep systemic mycoses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluconazole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specificity towards fungi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mucosal candidiasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clotrimazole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungal meningitis and systemic infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flushing and chills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cryptococcus and systemic candidiasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits thymidylate synthase by converting to 5-FU (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have fewer adverse effects related to renal function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imidazoles and triazoles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dose-dependent GI effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrathecally (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imidazoles and triazoles are types of antifungal drugs that work by inhibiting the enzyme sterol 14-alpha demethylase, leading to disruption of fungal cell membrane formation.

Ketoconazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole are examples of commonly used antifungal drugs.

Antifungal agents are medications used to treat fungal infections. They are categorized based on their mode of action and target specific fungal components, primarily the cell membrane or cell wall, to inhibit fungal growth and kill fungal cells.

Fluconazole is particularly effective against Cryptococcus neoformans, a fungus that causes meningitis in immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS.

Polyenes, like amphotericin B, are a class of antifungal drugs that target the fungal cell membrane. Amphotericin B binds to ergosterol, a vital component of fungal membranes, forming pores that lead to cell leakage and death.

Itraconazole is effective for treating deep mycoses (serious fungal infections) and is especially helpful for suppressing Histoplasma capsulatum infections in HIV-positive individuals.

Ketoconazole is a systemic imidazole antifungal that was one of the first oral drugs available for treating serious fungal infections. It is also effective against Candida albicans, which causes oral and pharyngeal candidiasis in patients with advanced AIDS.

Flucytosine, a synthetic antifungal drug, inhibits the synthesis of fungal DNA and RNA. It's often used in combination with amphotericin B.

Griseofulvin is a antifungal drug that inhibits fungal cell division by interfering with microtubule formation. It's primarily used for dermatophyte infections.

Adverse effects of imidazole and triazole drugs include nausea, vomiting, gastric pain, headache, rashes, and more rarely, seizures, anaphylaxis, and exfoliative dermatitis.

Imidazoles, like fluconazole, are broad-spectrum antifungal drugs that also target the fungal cell membrane. They inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol, disrupting the fungal cell membrane.

Echinocandins, a newer class of antifungal drugs, target fungal cell wall synthesis. They inhibit the synthesis of glucan, a crucial component of the fungal cell wall.

A broad-spectrum antifungal medication used to treat various serious fungal infections including Candida, Histoplasma, Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidiodes immitis, Paracoccidioides, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucormycosis.

A type of Amphotericin B that is less toxic to the kidneys than the conventional form. It binds to mammalian membranes less readily, reducing kidney damage.

An antifungal medication that functions as an antimetabolite. It is converted to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by cytosine deaminase, which inhibits thymidylate synthase, an enzyme crucial for DNA synthesis.

A class of antifungal medications that target fungal cell membranes, primarily the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. They disrupt the formation of ergosterol, a vital component of fungal cell membranes, leading to fungal cell death.

A type of azole antifungal used to treat various fungal infections, especially Candida infections.

A type of azole antifungal used to treat a wider range of fungal infections, including systemic mycoses.

A severe fungal infection that can affect several organs, often caused by various fungal species, particularly Candida, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus.

A type of fungal infection that primarily affects the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, often caused by Cryptococcus neoformans.

A broad-spectrum antifungal drug effective against dermatophytes, yeasts, dimorphic fungi, eumycetes, and actinomycetes. Commonly used to treat tinea infections.

An antifungal medication primarily used for Candida infections of the mucosa, skin, intestinal tract, and vagina. It's given orally but never parenterally (injection).

A fungistatic agent that disrupts microtubule function and inhibits mitosis at metaphase. It binds to keratin and is primarily used for systemic treatment of skin, hair, and nail infections caused by dermatophytes.

Adverse effects include endocrinological abnormalities due to inhibition of steroid biosynthesis, which can lead to decreased libido and gynecomastia. Other adverse effects include hepatitis after prolonged treatment. Not recommended in pregnancy and nursing mothers.

It is active against Cryptococcus, Candida, Histoplasma, Blastomyces, and dermatophytes like Epidermophyton, Trichophyton, and Microsporum.

Topical nystatin is the preferred treatment for oral candidiasis (thrush), denture stomatitis, and intestinal and pharyngeal candidiasis.