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Questions and Answers
Which antifungal agent is derived from Capreomycin isolated from Streptomyces capreolus?
Which antifungal agent is derived from Capreomycin isolated from Streptomyces capreolus?
- Lavendulus (correct)
- Zinc Propionate
- Sodium Caprylate
- Propionic Acid
Which of the following fungal infections is categorized as a superficial mycosis?
Which of the following fungal infections is categorized as a superficial mycosis?
- Cryptococcosis
- Histoplasmosis
- Sporotrichosis
- Tinea cruris (correct)
What function does Sebum serve in the context of dermatophytoses?
What function does Sebum serve in the context of dermatophytoses?
- Antiviral agent
- Antibiotic
- Disinfectant
- Antifungal agent (correct)
Who reported the yeastlike microorganism responsible for oral thrush (Candida albicans)?
Who reported the yeastlike microorganism responsible for oral thrush (Candida albicans)?
Which of the following is an opportunistic fungal infection?
Which of the following is an opportunistic fungal infection?
What is the primary function of Sodium Caprylate in dermatomycoses treatment?
What is the primary function of Sodium Caprylate in dermatomycoses treatment?
What is the mechanism of action of Atovaquone (Mepron®)?
What is the mechanism of action of Atovaquone (Mepron®)?
Which drug is indicated for the meningoencephalitic stage of West African sleeping sickness?
Which drug is indicated for the meningoencephalitic stage of West African sleeping sickness?
What side effect is commonly associated with Nifurtimox (Lampit®) use?
What side effect is commonly associated with Nifurtimox (Lampit®) use?
What is the primary use of Sodium Stibogluconate (Pentostam)?
What is the primary use of Sodium Stibogluconate (Pentostam)?
Which compound is used specifically to control the mite Sarcoptes scabei?
Which compound is used specifically to control the mite Sarcoptes scabei?
Which synthetic antibacterial agents are patterned after nalidixic acid and have a fluorine atom to enhance antibacterial activity?
Which synthetic antibacterial agents are patterned after nalidixic acid and have a fluorine atom to enhance antibacterial activity?
Which enzyme is inhibited by fluoroquinolones to prevent DNA synthesis?
Which enzyme is inhibited by fluoroquinolones to prevent DNA synthesis?
What is the contraindication for pregnant women in relation to fluoroquinolones?
What is the contraindication for pregnant women in relation to fluoroquinolones?
Which first-generation quinolone is specifically mentioned as useful in treating UTIs caused by Gram-negative bacteria?
Which first-generation quinolone is specifically mentioned as useful in treating UTIs caused by Gram-negative bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT listed as an adverse effect of fluoroquinolones?
Which of the following is NOT listed as an adverse effect of fluoroquinolones?
What is the broad-spectrum activity of Norfloxacin (Noroxin) against?
What is the broad-spectrum activity of Norfloxacin (Noroxin) against?
What is the mechanism of action of nalidixic acid, the first-generation quinolone?
What is the mechanism of action of nalidixic acid, the first-generation quinolone?
Which antifungal agent lacks the endocrinologic effects of ketoconazole?
Which antifungal agent lacks the endocrinologic effects of ketoconazole?
What is the drug of choice for Cryptococcal meningitis?
What is the drug of choice for Cryptococcal meningitis?
Which antifungal agent acts as a tight-binding noncompetitive inhibitor of inositol phosphorylceramide synthase?
Which antifungal agent acts as a tight-binding noncompetitive inhibitor of inositol phosphorylceramide synthase?
What is the most useful nitroimidazole derivative for Amoebiasis, Trichominiasis, and Giardiasis?
What is the most useful nitroimidazole derivative for Amoebiasis, Trichominiasis, and Giardiasis?
Which drug is recommended for acute and chronic intestinal amebiasis but not effective in extraintestinal disease?
Which drug is recommended for acute and chronic intestinal amebiasis but not effective in extraintestinal disease?
What is the common pathogenic protozoa that Metronidazole is useful against?
What is the common pathogenic protozoa that Metronidazole is useful against?
Which fluoroquinolone is the most potent and considered the drug of choice for bacterial gastroenteritis caused by Gram-negative bacilli?
Which fluoroquinolone is the most potent and considered the drug of choice for bacterial gastroenteritis caused by Gram-negative bacilli?
What combination is the drug of choice for disseminated gonorrhea?
What combination is the drug of choice for disseminated gonorrhea?
For which condition is Enoxacin approved as a treatment?
For which condition is Enoxacin approved as a treatment?
Which fluoroquinolone has a short-elimination half-life that dictates twice-a-day dosing for urinary tract infections?
Which fluoroquinolone has a short-elimination half-life that dictates twice-a-day dosing for urinary tract infections?
What type of infections is Ofloxacin approved for treating?
What type of infections is Ofloxacin approved for treating?
Flashcards
Superficial Mycosis
Superficial Mycosis
Fungal infection affecting outer skin, hair, and nails.
Sebum
Sebum
Slightly acidic substance that prevents dermatophytoses.
Candida albicans
Candida albicans
Yeast responsible for oral thrush
Opportunistic Fungal Infections
Opportunistic Fungal Infections
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Atovaquone (Mepron®)
Atovaquone (Mepron®)
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Melarsoprol
Melarsoprol
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Nifurtimox (Lampit®)
Nifurtimox (Lampit®)
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Sodium Stibogluconate (Pentostam)
Sodium Stibogluconate (Pentostam)
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Sarcoptes scabei
Sarcoptes scabei
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Fluoroquinolones
Fluoroquinolones
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DNA Gyrase
DNA Gyrase
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Fluoroquinolones in pregnancy
Fluoroquinolones in pregnancy
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Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
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Adverse Effects of Fluoroquinolones
Adverse Effects of Fluoroquinolones
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Norfloxacin (Noroxin)
Norfloxacin (Noroxin)
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Nalidixic Acid
Nalidixic Acid
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Fluconazole
Fluconazole
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Fluconazole
Fluconazole
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Metronidazole
Metronidazole
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Metronidazole
Metronidazole
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Metronidazole
Metronidazole
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Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
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Ceftriaxone and Azithromycin
Ceftriaxone and Azithromycin
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Enoxacin
Enoxacin
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Ciprofloxacin Dosing
Ciprofloxacin Dosing
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Ofloxacin
Ofloxacin
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Nistatin
Nistatin
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Capreomycin
Capreomycin
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Sodium Caprylate
Sodium Caprylate
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Study Notes
Antifungal Agents and Fungal Infections
- Capreomycin: Derived from Streptomyces capreolus, used to treat tuberculosis.
- Superficial Mycosis: A fungal infection affecting the outer layers of skin, hair, and nails.
- Sebum: Prevents dermatophytoses by creating a slightly acidic environment that inhibits fungal growth.
- Candida albicans: The yeast responsible for oral thrush, discovered by Dr. Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg.
- Opportunistic Fungal Infections: Occur in individuals with weakened immune systems, like those with HIV/AIDS.
- Sodium Caprylate: A fatty acid salt used in anti-fungal medications.
- Atovaquone (Mepron®): Inhibits mitochondrial electron transport in protozoa.
Protozoal Infections
- West African Sleeping Sickness: Treated with Melarsoprol for the meningoencephalitic stage.
- Nifurtimox (Lampit®): Used to treat Chagas disease. Can cause gastrointestinal disorders.
- Sodium Stibogluconate (Pentostam): Used to treat Leishmaniasis.
- Sarcoptes scabei: Treated with Permethrin for scabies (itch mite) infection.
Antibacterial Agents
- Fluoroquinolones: Synthetic antibacterial agents patterned after nalidixic acid with a fluorine atom for increased potency.
- DNA Gyrase: Inhibited by fluoroquinolones to prevent DNA synthesis.
- Pregnancy: Fluoroquinolones contraindicated in pregnant women due to potential for cartilage damage in the fetus.
- Ciprofloxacin: First-generation quinolone effective against UTIs caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
- Adverse Effects of Fluoroquinolones: Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, and headache.
- Norfloxacin (Noroxin): Has a broad-spectrum activity against Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., E. coli).
- Nalidixic Acid: Interferes with DNA replication by inhibiting DNA gyrase.
Specific Antifungal Treatments
- Fluconazole: Substitute for ketoconazole, lacking endocrinologic effects.
- Fluconazole: Drug of choice to treat Cryptococcal meningitis.
- Nistatin: A tight-binding, noncompetitive inhibitor of inositol phosphorylceramide synthase.
Antiprotozoal Medications
- Metronidazole: Highly effective against Amoeba, Trichomonas, and Giardia infections.
- Metronidazole: Recommended for intestinal amebiasis but ineffective against extraintestinal disease.
- Metronidazole: Used to treat Entamoeba histolytica, a pathogenic protozoan.
- Ciprofloxacin: Most potent fluoroquinolone, drug of choice for bacterial gastroenteritis.
Additional Antibacterial Treatments and Conditions
- Ceftriaxone and Azithromycin: Drug of choice for disseminated gonorrhea.
- Enoxacin: Approved to treat uncomplicated UTI.
- Ciprofloxacin: Short-elimination half-life requiring twice-a-day dosing.
- Ofloxacin: Approved for treating a variety of infections, including UTIs, respiratory infections, and skin infections.
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