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Antidiabetic Medications #2
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Antidiabetic Medications #2

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Questions and Answers

What enzyme is responsible for controlling the use of glucose, protein, and fat?

  • Lipase
  • Glucagon
  • Insulin (correct)
  • Amylase

    • Which type of insulin is typically used for rapid coverage of blood sugar during meals?

  • Rapid-acting insulin (correct)
  • Intermediate acting insulin
  • Long-acting insulin
  • Mixed insulins

    • What is the recommended treatment for hypoglycemia (insulin reaction)?

  • 1 mg IV glucose
  • 10 - 15 grams of simple carbohydrates (correct)
  • Glucagon
  • Regular insulin

    • What are the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia (diabetic coma, ketoacidosis)?

    <p>Thirst, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, loss of appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does lipodystrophy refer to in the context of diabetes management?

    <p>Destruction of fat tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of diabetic coma and ketoacidosis?

    <p>Too little insulin or missed dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of glucagon in the treatment of hypoglycemia?

    <p>Releasing stored glucose into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is insulin resistance characterized in the context of diabetes?

    <p>A rare occurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in determining the dose of insulin for an individual?

    <p>Blood sugar level and urine glucose level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication should be used for blood sugar levels below 60 mg/dL?

    <p>10 - 15 grams of simple carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using rapid-acting insulin?

    <p>Managing high blood sugar between meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)?

    <p>Less than 5.7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the storage duration for an opened pre-filled syringe?

    <p>1 month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for using Incretin Mimetics?

    <p>To suppress glucagon secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug blocks glucose reabsorption in the kidney?

    <p>dapagliflozin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of Amylin Analogues / amylinomimetics?

    <p>Slows gastric emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sulfonylurea is considered first generation?

    <p>chlorpropamide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas?

    <p>Controls the use of glucose, protein, and fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of insulin is classified as semi-synthetic?

    <p>Novolin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hypoglycemia (insulin reaction)?

    <p>Too much insulin or wrong type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs and symptoms associated with hyperglycemia (diabetic coma, ketoacidosis)?

    <p>Thirst, nausea, fruity breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glucagon in the treatment of hypoglycemia?

    <p>Helps in stabilizing blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential causes of lipodystrophy in the context of diabetes management?

    <p>Regular insulin administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used as a treatment for hyperglycemia (diabetic coma, ketoacidosis)?

    <p>$10 - 15 grams of simple carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major benefit of using rapid-acting insulin?

    <p>Onset sudden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for controlling the use of glucose, protein, and fat?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be assessed half an hour before meals and at bedtime?

    <p>Blood sugar level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to treat hypoglycemia when the patient is unable to consume carbohydrates?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the storage duration for an opened pre-filled syringe?

    <p>1 month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to block glucose reabsorption in the kidney?

    <p>Canagliflozin (Invokana)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age are children typically able to self-administer medication for diabetes?

    <p>8 to 9 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action do Incretin Mimetics have in the body?

    <p>Suppress glucagon secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to stimulate insulin release from the pancreas and has an adverse effect of hypoglycemia and hepatotoxicity?

    <p>Repaglinide (Prandin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of taking pioglitazone, metformin (Actoplus met)?

    <p>Black box warning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the properties of protein in insulin?

    <p>It decreases the rate of absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate action when blood sugar is less than 60 mg/dL?

    <p>Provide 10-15 grams of simple carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of lipodystrophy in the context of diabetes management?

    <p>Insufficient insulin dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glucagon in the treatment of hypoglycemia?

    <p>It increases blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for controlling the use of glucose, protein, and fat?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for controlling the use of glucose, protein, and fat?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of taking pioglitazone?

    <p>Fluid and electrolyte imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug is used to treat hyperglycemia (diabetic coma, ketoacidosis)?

    <p>Regular insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)?

    <p>5-5.7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to block glucose reabsorption in the kidney?

    <p>Canagliflozin (Invokana)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age are children typically able to self-administer medication for diabetes?

    <p>8-9 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme do Incretin Enhancer drugs inhibit the breakdown of?

    <p>Incretin hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of Amylin Analogues/amylinomimetics?

    <p>Slow gastric emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medication is used to decrease insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity?

    <p>Metformin (Glucophage)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adverse effect of sulfonylureas that requires monitoring of liver profile?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug should be administered at the first bite of a meal?

    <p>(Precose) acarbose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adverse effect of Incretin Mimetics that is related to the gastrointestinal system?

    <ul> <li>Gastrotoxic</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    What action do Thiazolidinediones have in the body?

    <p>Decrease insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the storage duration for an opened pre-filled syringe?

    <p>Room temperature for 1 month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect of taking pioglitazone and metformin (Actoplus met)?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended storage duration for an opened pre-filled syringe?

    <p>1 month at room temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used to decrease insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity?

    <p>Rosiglitazone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect of taking pioglitazone?

    <p>Increased risk of bladder cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age are children typically able to self-administer medication for diabetes?

    <p>8 to 9 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug should be administered at the first bite of a meal?

    <p>Acarbose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme do Incretin Enhancer drugs inhibit the breakdown of?

    <p>Incretin hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of Amylin Analogues/amylinomimetics?

    <p>Suppress glucagon secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glucagon in the treatment of hypoglycemia?

    <p>It increases blood sugar by releasing glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme do Incretin Enhancer drugs inhibit the breakdown of?

    <p>Incretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of diabetic coma and ketoacidosis?

    <p>Delay or omission of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas?

    <p>Controls use of glucose, protein, and fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of Amylin Analogues/amylinomimetics?

    <p>Stimulates insulin release from the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major benefit of using rapid-acting insulin?

    <p>Provides rapid coverage of blood sugar during meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for using Incretin Mimetics?

    <p>To stimulate insulin release from the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Antidiabetic medications are used to control blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes.
    • These medications can be derived from animals (extracted from beef and pork) or synthetically produced.
    • Synthetic insulins include humulin and semi-synthetic insulins like Novolin.
    • Insulins come in different strengths and forms, including syringes, prefilled pens, and various types of pumps for subcutaneous (SQ), intravenous (IV), and inhalation administration.
    • Rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins are classified based on their onset, peak, and duration.
    • Insulin doses are determined by healthcare professionals and based on blood sugar and urine glucose levels.
    • Insulin coverage is recommended for before and after meals, with different doses suggested based on blood sugar levels.
    • Causes for too much insulin or wrong type, delay or omission of food, too much exercise, illness, diarrhea, and vomiting, or excessive alcohol consumption can lead to hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.
    • Symptoms of hypoglycemia include nausea, diarrhea, hunger, inability to concentrate, confusion, nervousness, anxiety, tremors, tachycardia, pale, cold, and clammy skin, tiredness, drowsiness, lethargy, and coma.
    • Symptoms of hyperglycemia include nausea, abdominal pain, distension, anorexia, dry mouth, irritability, hot, flushed skin, fruity odor to breath, Kussmaul's respiration, and urinary output.
    • Treatment for hypoglycemia involves consuming 10-15 grams of simple carbohydrates, followed by complex carbohydrates within an hour. In severe cases, glucagon may be administered.
    • Treatment for hyperglycemia involves regular insulin and correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
    • Insulin therapy requires careful coordination of blood sugar testing, drug administration, diet, and exercise, as well as regular monitoring and adjustments.
    • Common side effects of insulin therapy include allergic reactions, lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, and hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia caused by incorrect dosing, insulin types, or external factors.
    • Other antidiabetic medications include sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biquinides, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, incretin mimetics, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and amylin analogues/amylinomimetics.
    • These medications have various actions and indications, including stimulating insulin release, reducing hepatic glucose production, increasing insulin sensitivity, and slowing carbohydrate digestion.
    • Side effects and cautions include hypoglycemia, hepatotoxicity, photosensitivity, fetal abnormalities, and interactions with other medications.
    • These medications should be monitored closely for effectiveness and potential side effects, with regular blood sugar testing and healthcare professional consultations.

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    Test your knowledge about antidiabetic medications, including hormones produced by the pancreas, synthetic and semi-synthetic types, strengths, administration methods such as syringes, prefilled pens, and different injection sites and techniques.

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