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Questions and Answers
What condition is indicated by a fasting blood sugar level of 110 mg/dL?
What condition is indicated by a fasting blood sugar level of 110 mg/dL?
What is a common contributing factor to hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus?
What is a common contributing factor to hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a diabetogenic hormone?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a diabetogenic hormone?
What fasting blood sugar level is considered normal?
What fasting blood sugar level is considered normal?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following is a common symptom of diabetes mellitus?
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Which factor is related to the development of insulin resistance in diabetes?
Which factor is related to the development of insulin resistance in diabetes?
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What causes can lead to diabetes according to this study?
What causes can lead to diabetes according to this study?
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Which of the following represents key signs of diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following represents key signs of diabetes mellitus?
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What is the primary function of sulfonylureas in diabetes management?
What is the primary function of sulfonylureas in diabetes management?
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Which of the following classes of anti-diabetic drugs works by increasing insulin receptor numbers?
Which of the following classes of anti-diabetic drugs works by increasing insulin receptor numbers?
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What is the effect of Biguanides like Metformin on beta cells?
What is the effect of Biguanides like Metformin on beta cells?
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How do sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release in beta cells?
How do sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release in beta cells?
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Which diabetes medication class primarily delays carbohydrate absorption from the gastrointestinal tract?
Which diabetes medication class primarily delays carbohydrate absorption from the gastrointestinal tract?
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What is a key pharmacokinetic characteristic of sulfonylureas?
What is a key pharmacokinetic characteristic of sulfonylureas?
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What is the result of decreased glucagon secretion due to sulfonylureas?
What is the result of decreased glucagon secretion due to sulfonylureas?
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Which of the following statements about meglitinides is true?
Which of the following statements about meglitinides is true?
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What condition may occur in individuals with type 2 diabetes during stress, such as infection?
What condition may occur in individuals with type 2 diabetes during stress, such as infection?
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What is a dangerous blood sugar level for individuals with type 2 diabetes?
What is a dangerous blood sugar level for individuals with type 2 diabetes?
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What may result from severe dehydration in untreated or poorly controlled type 2 diabetes?
What may result from severe dehydration in untreated or poorly controlled type 2 diabetes?
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What does the term 'Type 3 DM' refer to?
What does the term 'Type 3 DM' refer to?
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What condition is defined as any abnormality in glucose levels during pregnancy?
What condition is defined as any abnormality in glucose levels during pregnancy?
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When should high-risk women be screened for gestational diabetes?
When should high-risk women be screened for gestational diabetes?
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What effect do placental hormones have during the last trimester of pregnancy?
What effect do placental hormones have during the last trimester of pregnancy?
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How high can blood glucose levels rise in dehydration due to poorly controlled type 2 diabetes?
How high can blood glucose levels rise in dehydration due to poorly controlled type 2 diabetes?
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What are insulin secretagogues primarily used for?
What are insulin secretagogues primarily used for?
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Which amino acids are particularly recognized as gluconeogenic and stimulators of insulin secretion?
Which amino acids are particularly recognized as gluconeogenic and stimulators of insulin secretion?
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What is the role of C-peptide in insulin production?
What is the role of C-peptide in insulin production?
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What triggers the release of insulin from beta cells in the pancreas?
What triggers the release of insulin from beta cells in the pancreas?
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What type of medication are SGLT-2 inhibitors categorized as?
What type of medication are SGLT-2 inhibitors categorized as?
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Which of the following stimuli does NOT stimulate insulin secretion?
Which of the following stimuli does NOT stimulate insulin secretion?
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What is the primary structure of insulin composed of?
What is the primary structure of insulin composed of?
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Which class of oral hypoglycemic agents includes metformin?
Which class of oral hypoglycemic agents includes metformin?
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What causes Graves Disease, also known as Diffuse Toxic Goiter?
What causes Graves Disease, also known as Diffuse Toxic Goiter?
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Which body systems are influenced by thyroid hormone?
Which body systems are influenced by thyroid hormone?
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Which of the following is a common adverse reaction to Levothyroxine Na?
Which of the following is a common adverse reaction to Levothyroxine Na?
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Which of the following medications is a thyroid hormone preparation?
Which of the following medications is a thyroid hormone preparation?
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In which circumstance should caution be exercised when prescribing Levothyroxine Na?
In which circumstance should caution be exercised when prescribing Levothyroxine Na?
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Which of the following dosage forms is NOT related to Levothyroxine Na?
Which of the following dosage forms is NOT related to Levothyroxine Na?
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What is a rare but severe adverse reaction associated with Levothyroxine Na?
What is a rare but severe adverse reaction associated with Levothyroxine Na?
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Which of the following is NOT a system affected by thyroid hormone?
Which of the following is NOT a system affected by thyroid hormone?
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Study Notes
Overview of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- DM encompasses a group of metabolic disorders characterized by elevated blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia).
- Normal fasting blood sugar is less than 100 mg/dL; 100-125 mg/dL indicates prediabetes, and 126 mg/dL or higher indicates diabetes.
Causes of Hyperglycemia in DM
- Hyperglycemia results from defects in insulin secretion, action, or both.
- Insulin is crucial for glucose uptake in the heart, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle.
Etiological Factors
- Obesity can reduce insulin receptor sensitivity and affect glucose metabolism.
- Genetic predisposition and pancreatic damage are significant contributors.
- Diabetogenic hormones and drugs (e.g., corticosteroids, thiazide diuretics) can exacerbate hyperglycemia.
- Conditions like pregnancy can also influence blood sugar levels.
Common Symptoms of DM
- Symptoms include polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger).
- Type 2 diabetes can lead to ketosis under stress or with particular medications, such as corticosteroids.
Severe Complications
- A severe rise in blood sugar (>600 mg/dL) can lead to non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma, characterized by dehydration and altered mental state.
- Immediate medical intervention is required when blood glucose exceeds 300 mg/dL.
Types of Diabetes
- Type 3 DM includes specific causes of elevated blood glucose such as pancreatic surgery and drug therapy.
- Gestational diabetes (Type 4) is marked by any glucose abnormality that arises during pregnancy.
Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes (GDM)
- Risk assessment for GDM should begin at the first prenatal visit, with screening suggested for high-risk women.
Antidiabetic Medications
- Classes of antidiabetic drugs include:
- Insulin Secretagogues: Sulfonylureas and meglitinides stimulate insulin release from beta cells.
- Insulin Sensitizers: Biguanides (e.g., Metformin) and thiazolidinediones increase insulin sensitivity.
- Carbohydrate Absorption Reducers: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors delay carbohydrate absorption.
- Renal Glucose Reabsorption Inhibitors: SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce glucose reabsorption in the kidneys.
Mechanism of Insulin
- Insulin, composed of 51 amino acids in two chains connected by disulfide bonds, is produced from proinsulin in pancreatic beta cells.
- Insulin secretion is primarily stimulated by glucose; other stimuli include amino acids and certain hormones.
Insulin Release Mechanism
- Blood glucose increases ATP levels in beta cells, leading to closure of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, cell depolarization, and calcium influx, which triggers insulin release.
Pharmacology of Sulfonylureas
- Sulfonylureas, such as tolbutamide and glipizide, stimulate insulin release by blocking potassium channels in beta cells.
- They also lower glucagon secretion and improve insulin binding to tissues.
Pharmacokinetics of Sulfonylureas
- Administered orally, they are well absorbed, reaching peak concentration in 2-4 hours, with variable duration of action; second-generation agents typically have a longer duration.
Adverse Reactions & Considerations
- Common adverse reactions of thyroid drugs include fatigue, increased appetite, and weight loss. Rare but severe reactions can happen, necessitating caution in heart conditions.
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Description
This quiz provides an overview of diabetic medications and their role in managing diabetes mellitus (DM). It covers the metabolic disorders associated with hyperglycemia and definitions of ideal blood sugar levels. Test your knowledge on the key concepts related to diabetes treatment.
