Antidiabetic Drugs Overview

Questions and Answers

What condition is indicated by a fasting blood sugar level of 110 mg/dL?

Hypoglycemia

Prediabetes (correct)

Diabetes

Normal blood sugar level

What is a common contributing factor to hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus?

Excessive glucose uptake by the heart

Defects in insulin secretion (correct)

Low carbohydrate intake

Increased insulin receptor sensitivity

Which of the following is NOT classified as a diabetogenic hormone?

Epinephrine

Glucagon

Insulin (correct)

Growth hormone

What fasting blood sugar level is considered normal?

99 mg/dL or lower Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of diabetes mellitus?

Polyphagia Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is related to the development of insulin resistance in diabetes?

Prolonged stimulation of β cells Signup and view all the answers

What causes can lead to diabetes according to this study?

Damage to pancreatic tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents key signs of diabetes mellitus?

Polyuria and polydipsia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sulfonylureas in diabetes management?

Promote the release of insulin from beta cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following classes of anti-diabetic drugs works by increasing insulin receptor numbers?

Thiazolidinediones Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Biguanides like Metformin on beta cells?

Have no effect on beta cells Signup and view all the answers

How do sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release in beta cells?

By blocking ATP-sensitive K+ channels Signup and view all the answers

Which diabetes medication class primarily delays carbohydrate absorption from the gastrointestinal tract?

α-Glucosidase Inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What is a key pharmacokinetic characteristic of sulfonylureas?

Highly bound to plasma proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of decreased glucagon secretion due to sulfonylureas?

Decreased glucose production by the liver Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about meglitinides is true?

They are non-sulfonylurea insulinotropic agents. Signup and view all the answers

What condition may occur in individuals with type 2 diabetes during stress, such as infection?

Ketoacidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a dangerous blood sugar level for individuals with type 2 diabetes?

600 mg/dl Signup and view all the answers

What may result from severe dehydration in untreated or poorly controlled type 2 diabetes?

Non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Type 3 DM' refer to?

Elevated blood glucose from multiple specific causes Signup and view all the answers

What condition is defined as any abnormality in glucose levels during pregnancy?

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) Signup and view all the answers

When should high-risk women be screened for gestational diabetes?

At the first prenatal visit Signup and view all the answers

What effect do placental hormones have during the last trimester of pregnancy?

Create insulin resistance Signup and view all the answers

How high can blood glucose levels rise in dehydration due to poorly controlled type 2 diabetes?

6–20 fold Signup and view all the answers

What are insulin secretagogues primarily used for?

To stimulate insulin secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acids are particularly recognized as gluconeogenic and stimulators of insulin secretion?

Leucine and Arginine Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of C-peptide in insulin production?

It connects the A and B chains in proinsulin Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of insulin from beta cells in the pancreas?

Hyperglycemia resulting in increased intracellular ATP levels Signup and view all the answers

What type of medication are SGLT-2 inhibitors categorized as?

Agents that reduce glucose renal reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stimuli does NOT stimulate insulin secretion?

Decreased glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of insulin composed of?

Two chains linked by disulfide bridges Signup and view all the answers

Which class of oral hypoglycemic agents includes metformin?

Insulin sensitizers Signup and view all the answers

What causes Graves Disease, also known as Diffuse Toxic Goiter?

Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins stimulating TSH receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which body systems are influenced by thyroid hormone?

Metabolic, cardiovascular, integumentary, and reproductive systems Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common adverse reaction to Levothyroxine Na?

Increased appetite Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is a thyroid hormone preparation?

Levothyroxine Na (T4) Signup and view all the answers

In which circumstance should caution be exercised when prescribing Levothyroxine Na?

Conditions where tachycardia is dangerous Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following dosage forms is NOT related to Levothyroxine Na?

Sublingual tablets Signup and view all the answers

What is a rare but severe adverse reaction associated with Levothyroxine Na?

Hair loss Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a system affected by thyroid hormone?

Endocrine system Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Overview of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

DM encompasses a group of metabolic disorders characterized by elevated blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia).
Normal fasting blood sugar is less than 100 mg/dL; 100-125 mg/dL indicates prediabetes, and 126 mg/dL or higher indicates diabetes.

Causes of Hyperglycemia in DM

Hyperglycemia results from defects in insulin secretion, action, or both.
Insulin is crucial for glucose uptake in the heart, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle.

Etiological Factors

Obesity can reduce insulin receptor sensitivity and affect glucose metabolism.
Genetic predisposition and pancreatic damage are significant contributors.
Diabetogenic hormones and drugs (e.g., corticosteroids, thiazide diuretics) can exacerbate hyperglycemia.
Conditions like pregnancy can also influence blood sugar levels.

Common Symptoms of DM

Symptoms include polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger).
Type 2 diabetes can lead to ketosis under stress or with particular medications, such as corticosteroids.

Severe Complications

A severe rise in blood sugar (>600 mg/dL) can lead to non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma, characterized by dehydration and altered mental state.
Immediate medical intervention is required when blood glucose exceeds 300 mg/dL.

Types of Diabetes

Type 3 DM includes specific causes of elevated blood glucose such as pancreatic surgery and drug therapy.
Gestational diabetes (Type 4) is marked by any glucose abnormality that arises during pregnancy.

Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes (GDM)

Risk assessment for GDM should begin at the first prenatal visit, with screening suggested for high-risk women.

Antidiabetic Medications

Classes of antidiabetic drugs include:
- Insulin Secretagogues: Sulfonylureas and meglitinides stimulate insulin release from beta cells.
- Insulin Sensitizers: Biguanides (e.g., Metformin) and thiazolidinediones increase insulin sensitivity.
- Carbohydrate Absorption Reducers: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors delay carbohydrate absorption.
- Renal Glucose Reabsorption Inhibitors: SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce glucose reabsorption in the kidneys.

Mechanism of Insulin

Insulin, composed of 51 amino acids in two chains connected by disulfide bonds, is produced from proinsulin in pancreatic beta cells.
Insulin secretion is primarily stimulated by glucose; other stimuli include amino acids and certain hormones.

Insulin Release Mechanism

Blood glucose increases ATP levels in beta cells, leading to closure of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, cell depolarization, and calcium influx, which triggers insulin release.

Pharmacology of Sulfonylureas

Sulfonylureas, such as tolbutamide and glipizide, stimulate insulin release by blocking potassium channels in beta cells.
They also lower glucagon secretion and improve insulin binding to tissues.

Pharmacokinetics of Sulfonylureas

Administered orally, they are well absorbed, reaching peak concentration in 2-4 hours, with variable duration of action; second-generation agents typically have a longer duration.

Adverse Reactions & Considerations

Common adverse reactions of thyroid drugs include fatigue, increased appetite, and weight loss. Rare but severe reactions can happen, necessitating caution in heart conditions.

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Description

This quiz provides an overview of diabetic medications and their role in managing diabetes mellitus (DM). It covers the metabolic disorders associated with hyperglycemia and definitions of ideal blood sugar levels. Test your knowledge on the key concepts related to diabetes treatment.