Antibiotics: Streptomycin and Gentamicin

Cross placental barrier = May accumulate in fetal plasma and amniotic fluid Elimination = 90% excreted unchanged in urine Therapeutic drug monitoring = Needed for renal impaired patient Resistance = Ribosomal resistance to streptomycin develops readily

Deafness in fetus = Accumulation in fetal plasma and amniotic fluid Urinary excretion = 90% of the drug remains unchanged Need for TDM = Due to renal impairment Emerging resistance = Ribosomal adaptation to the drug

Streptomycin = An antibiotic that can cross the placental barrier Fetal plasma = Site of potential drug accumulation Amniotic fluid = Can become a reservoir for certain drugs Renal impairment = Condition that necessitates TDM

<p>Crossing the placental barrier = Possible fetal risk, such as deafness Unchanged excretion = Indicates effective kidney function Development of resistance = More difficult treatment options Renal patient monitoring = Critical for avoiding toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foetal accumulation = May cause deafness in foetus Drug monitoring = Essential for patients with renal issues Therapeutic drug levels = Importance in maintaining efficacy and safety Resistance emergence = Challenge in effective treatment of infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rifampicin = Mainly used as a first-line agent for tuberculosis Isoniazid = Used for tuberculosis prophylaxis Ethambutol = Primary agent used to prevent resistance Streptomycin = Mainly used as a second-line agent for tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Directly Observed Therapy = Patient adherence support by healthcare provider Combination Therapy = Reduces resistance risk by using multiple drugs Prophylactic Treatment = Prevention of disease in high-risk individuals Drug Susceptibility Testing = Detects resistant strains before treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topical = Prevention of IV catheter infections IV = Systemic infections treatment Inhalation = Respiratory infections treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creams = Treating infected skin lesions Ointments = Preventing infection in wounds Solutions = Topical infection management Injections = IV catheter infection prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multidrug-resistant TB = Infection resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin Latent TB infection = Inactive TB bacteria in the body without symptoms Active TB disease = TB infection causing symptoms and contagious Extensively drug-resistant TB = Resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin plus any fluoroquinolone and any injectable drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary TB = Initial infection usually asymptomatic Reactivation TB = Occurs in individuals with previous infections Extrapulmonary TB = TB affecting organs outside the lungs Pulmonary TB = TB infection primarily in the lungs causing cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infected burns = Topical administration Wounds = Topical administration Skin lesions = Topical administration IV catheter infections = Topical administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Side Effects Monitoring = Ensures patient safety during treatment Treatment Response Assessment = Evaluates effectiveness of the prescribed regimen Adherence Support = Helps in maintaining patient compliance Follow-Up Testing = Checks for the disease status after treatment completion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Burn treatment = Topical Wound care = Topical Skin lesion management = Topical IV infection prevention = Topical</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creams = Manage skin lesions Ointments = Treat infected wounds Solutions = Prevent infection during IV use Topical = Provide localized drug action</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrathecal Administration = Delivery of medication into the spinal canal Meningitis = Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain Gentamicin = An antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections Nephrotoxicity = Toxicity affecting the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gentamicin for longer than 3–5 days = Nephrotoxicity occurs in 5–25% of patients Meningitis caused by gram-negative bacteria = Intrathecal administration is used Adverse reaction to medications = May lead to further complications Reversible and mild Nephrotoxicity = Requires therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) = Necessary to manage nephrotoxicity Intrathecal therapy = Used specifically for central nervous system infections Long-term gentamicin usage = Increases risk of nephrotoxicity Early intervention in meningitis = Essential to prevent severe outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gram-negative = Type of bacteria treated with specific antibiotics Meningitis treatment = May involve intrathecal administration Kidney function monitoring = Important in patients receiving gentamicin Adverse reactions = Risk associated with antibiotic treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5–25% of patients = Experience nephrotoxicity with prolonged use 3–5 days = Threshold for increased nephrotoxicity risk Reversible effects = Characteristic of nephrotoxicity due to gentamicin Treatment for gram-negative meningitis = Specific indication for using intrathecal administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tobramycin = Eliminating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis Vancomycin = Treating MRSA infections Ciprofloxacin = Treating urinary tract infections Amoxicillin = Bacterial infections in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephrotoxicity = Rarely occur via inhalation Ototoxicity = Occur more frequently with intravenous use Gastrointestinal upset = More common with oral medications Injection site reactions = Common with intramuscular injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhalation therapy = Better lung penetration Intravenous administration = Higher systemic absorption Oral administration = User-friendly but less effective for lung infections Topical application = Used for skin infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa = Common in respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis Staphylococcus aureus = Associated with skin infections Escherichia coli = Frequent cause of urinary tract infections Streptococcus pneumoniae = Leading cause of pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nebulization = Process of inhaling medication directly into the lungs Systemic absorption = How much drug enters the bloodstream Targeted therapy = Treatment aimed at specific pathogens Colonization = Persistent presence of bacteria in respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers