Antibiotics Quiz on Mechanisms and Side Effects
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Clindamycin?

  • Inhibits DNA replication
  • Alters cell membrane permeability
  • Disrupts cell wall synthesis
  • Inhibits protein synthesis (correct)

Which condition necessitates the discontinuation of Clindamycin?

  • Severe rash development
  • Nephrotoxicity symptoms
  • Liver dysfunction
  • C.difficile diagnosis (correct)

Linezolid is contraindicated in patients who have used what medication within the last two weeks?

  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
  • Antibiotics
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (correct)

What kind of infections is Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole primarily used to treat?

<p>UTIs and pneumonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What serious side effect is associated with prolonged use of Linezolid?

<p>Optic and peripheral neuropathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of narrow-spectrum antibiotics?

<p>Effective against a limited range of species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antibiotic is most likely to contribute to drug resistance?

<p>Broad-spectrum agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect associated with Amoxicillin?

<p>Rash with allopurinol or mononucleosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contraindication is associated with the use of Cephalexin?

<p>Severe allergy to penicillin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a known adverse effect of Vancomycin?

<p>Redman syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class does Doxycycline belong to?

<p>Tetracyclines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a bactericidal antibiotic?

<p>Vancomycin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major use does the antibiotic Erythromycin have?

<p>Management of diphtheria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What serious adverse event is associated with the use of Clindamycin?

<p>Colitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which spectrum of bacteria is covered by Linezolid?

<p>Aerobic, Gram-positive bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the use of Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole?

<p>Acute kidney injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is associated with prolonged use of Linezolid?

<p>Optic and peripheral neuropathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk associated with Gentamicin?

<p>Neurotoxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antibiotic is typically effective against a wider range of microbes?

<p>Broad-spectrum antibiotic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of bacteriostatic agents?

<p>Inhibit bacterial growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What increases the risk of seizure in patients taking Imipenem & Cilastatin?

<p>Combination with Valproate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following uses is appropriate for Vancomycin?

<p>Management of MRSA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Doxycycline is primarily contraindicated in which group of individuals?

<p>Children under 8 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class is characterized by causing rash and diarrhea as common adverse effects?

<p>Cephalosporins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common serious adverse effect associated with prolonged use of Vancomycin?

<p>Redman syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following broad-spectrum antibiotics can be used as an alternative for patients with penicillin allergy?

<p>Erythromycin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with long-term use of Aspirin?

<p>Gastrointestinal bleeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is NOT recommended for use in the third trimester of pregnancy?

<p>Ibuprofen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should patients know about the use of Prednisone?

<p>It should not be taken during a fungal infection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory tests should be monitored when prescribing anti-inflammatory medications?

<p>Glucose, electrolytes, and liver function tests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical consideration for prescribing Ibuprofen?

<p>It should be weighed for risk/benefit before 30 weeks of pregnancy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant adverse effect associated with the use of long acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) - Tiotropium?

<p>Blurred vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the diagnosis of COPD, which spirometry measurement confirms the diagnosis?

<p>FEV1/FVC less than 0.7 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of short acting anticholinergic (SAA) - Ipratropium?

<p>COPD management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should be combined with a long acting B2 agonist (LABA) for asthma management?

<p>Glucocorticoid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common adverse effect should be monitored for with the use of B2 agonists?

<p>Tachycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition primarily necessitates the use of Methylxanthine – Theophylline?

<p>Cost-effectiveness concerns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of short acting B2 agonists (SABA) like Albuterol?

<p>Activate B2 receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should patients be advised to do to help manage dry mouth when using ipratropium?

<p>Use sugarless hard candy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first-line therapy for management of asthma's inflammatory component?

<p>Inhaled glucocorticoids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Group A COPD managed in patients with 0-1 moderate exacerbations not requiring hospitalization?

<p>Bronchodilator (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is accurate regarding the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in COPD management?

<p>ICS monotherapy is not recommended. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What combination of medications is preferred for Group B COPD management with 2+ moderate exacerbations?

<p>LABA + LAMA + ICS if eosinophil count &gt;300 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect may inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) have on children?

<p>May slow growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should not be used as monotherapy for long-term management in asthma?

<p>LABA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is drug therapy considered helpful in asthma management?

<p>When used appropriately as per guidelines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as compared to asthma?

<p>Chronic cough and excessive sputum production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does smoking have on theophylline levels?

<p>Increases theophylline clearance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the bismuth quadruple therapy for PUD?

<p>Metronidazole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for prescribing PPIs?

<p>Hepatic impairment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a laxative from catharsis?

<p>Laxatives provide a mild effect while cathartics result in rapid evacuation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin levels should be monitored when prescribing antiulcer medications?

<p>Vitamin B12, Magnesium, Calcium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is commonly prescribed to prevent constipation in bed-bound patients?

<p>Colace (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a known risk factor associated with long-term PPI use?

<p>Increased risk of fractures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored when prescribing bowel cleansing products before a colonoscopy?

<p>Electrolyte levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What foundational knowledge is necessary for understanding how drugs work in the body?

<p>Anatomy and pathophysiology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized for students regarding prototype drugs in the course?

<p>Understanding MOA and common adverse effects is essential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population groups are mentioned that require consideration of drug classes?

<p>Pediatric, pregnancy, breastfeeding, and older adults (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific antidote for acetaminophen overdose?

<p>N-acetylcysteine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of guidance is important to listen for in lectures?

<p>Specific doses emphasized during the lecture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should students focus on to be safe prescribers?

<p>Understanding contraindications and precautions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the study guide provided?

<p>To help students focus their studies on crucial information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the course code for Advanced Pharmacology at the University of Alabama?

<p>NUR 521 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key safety consideration when prescribing sodium phosphate products?

<p>They should be avoided by patients with electrolyte abnormalities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of PEG-ELS products over sodium phosphate products?

<p>They are less likely to cause dehydration and electrolyte disturbances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is classified as Gram-positive?

<p>Gram-positive diplococci (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of scopolamine when used for motion sickness?

<p>It acts as a muscarinic antagonist. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antibiotic is primarily effective against a limited number of bacterial species?

<p>Narrow-spectrum antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes Gram-negative bacteria from Gram-positive bacteria?

<p>They have a thin cell wall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect associated with sodium phosphate products?

<p>Dehydration and electrolyte disturbances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genus and species name for the bacteria responsible for gonorrhea?

<p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus when studying prototype drugs in each module?

<p>Understanding how drugs work and their applications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population groups should be considered when learning about the drug class effects?

<p>Children, pregnant women, and older adults (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific antidote for acetaminophen overdose?

<p>Acetylcysteine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of drug education is emphasized for prescriber safety?

<p>Awareness of common adverse effects and contraindications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information should be prioritized during study sessions for exam success?

<p>Tips and content emphasized in lectures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not expected from the study guide regarding detailed drug information?

<p>List of all necessary details about each drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which knowledge is necessary for understanding drug interactions?

<p>Evidenced-based guidelines presented in modules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical knowledge area when preparing for exams on pharmacology?

<p>Common adverse effects of prototype drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first-line therapy for managing the inflammatory component of asthma?

<p>Inhaled glucocorticoids (ICS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should be avoided as monotherapy in asthma management?

<p>Long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes drug therapy for COPD in Group A patients with infrequent exacerbations?

<p>Short-acting bronchodilator only (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In patients with a chronic cough and excessive sputum production, which condition is more likely?

<p>COPD (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of medications is preferred for managing a Group B COPD patient?

<p>LABA + LAMA + ICS for eosinophil count &gt;300 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential side effect is associated with inhaled corticosteroids in children?

<p>Slowed growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors could potentially influence theophylline levels in a patient?

<p>Dietary caffeine consumption (A), Smoking cessation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an accurate statement regarding the use of glucocorticoids in patients with COPD?

<p>They should be used only during exacerbations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class is contraindicated in patients with a severe allergy to penicillin?

<p>Cephalosporins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential complication is associated with the use of imipenem and cilastatin?

<p>Superinfection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is primarily used to treat gram-positive infections and is associated with red man syndrome as an adverse effect?

<p>Vancomycin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary use for tetracyclines in clinical settings?

<p>Second-line agents for certain bacterial infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class is effective against a range of infections, including mixed infections involving both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

<p>Carbapenems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic difference between long acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) and short acting anticholinergics (SAAs) in terms of duration?

<p>LAMAs last for 24 hours, while SAAs last for 6 hours. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory test is primarily required for diagnosing COPD?

<p>Spirometry testing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse effects is associated with the use of the long acting muscarinic antagonist Tiotropium?

<p>Constipation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for short acting B2 agonists like Albuterol?

<p>They activate B2 receptors to induce bronchodilation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When managing mod-severe asthma exacerbations, which medication is typically used as a short acting agent?

<p>Albuterol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Phenytoin play in relation to medication levels when used concurrently?

<p>It decreases the levels of certain medications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typical feature is used to distinguish asthma from COPD during diagnosis?

<p>Eosinophil and IgE levels may be checked in asthma. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications must be used alongside a long acting B2 agonist for effective asthma management?

<p>Glucocorticoid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors can elevate theophylline levels when taking medications?

<p>Fluoroquinolone antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major aggressive factor contributing to peptic ulcers?

<p>H. pylori (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is typically prescribed to prevent constipation in bed-bound patients?

<p>Colace (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vitamin levels should be monitored when prescribing antiulcer medications?

<p>B12, Magnesium, and Calcium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of PPIs?

<p>They are effective in treating Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a laxative effect and catharsis?

<p>Laxative effect is slow and mild while catharsis is rapid and total evacuation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy regimen contains bismuth subcitrate for the treatment of PUD?

<p>Bismuth quadruple therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consideration for prescribing gastrointestinal medications in older adults?

<p>Higher risk of dehydration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for preferring narrow-spectrum drugs over broad-spectrum drugs?

<p>Narrow-spectrum drugs provide a specific treatment for the targeted organism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes most significantly to promoting drug-resistant organisms?

<p>Broad-spectrum antibiotics that kill off sensitive organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended initial approach when treating a microbial infection in urgent situations?

<p>Immediately administer broad-spectrum antibiotics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor should be considered when choosing an antimicrobial drug?

<p>The patient’s age and overall health status. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common context for prophylactic use of antimicrobial drugs?

<p>Predictable bacterial endocarditis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can potentially increase the risk of drug resistance?

<p>Not completing a prescribed course of antibiotics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to identify the organism causing a microbial infection?

<p>PCR testing for specific pathogens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Amoxicillin as an antibiotic?

<p>Broad-spectrum use, effective against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Clindamycin MOA

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

Clindamycin CI

Stop if C. difficile diagnosed; risk of colitis & C. difficile infection

Linezolid AE

Optic and peripheral neuropathy with prolonged use

Bactrim CI

Avoid in nursing mothers, G6PD deficiency, folate deficiency

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Gentamicin AE

Neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity (black box warning)

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Narrow-spectrum antibiotic

Effective against a limited range of bacteria.

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Broad-spectrum antibiotic

Effective against a wide variety of bacteria.

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Bacteriostatic antibiotic

Inhibits bacterial growth.

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Bactericidal antibiotic

Kills bacteria directly.

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Amoxicillin (Moxatag)

Broad-spectrum antibiotic used for various bacterial infections, including pharyngitis and tonsillitis.

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Cephalexin (Keflex)

Broad-spectrum, first-generation cephalosporin treating skin and bone infections.

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Vancomycin (Vancocin)

Glycopeptide antibiotic active against Gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA.

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Doxycycline

Tetracycline antibiotic used for acne and other bacterial infections; second-line option.

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Clindamycin use

Treating anaerobic infections, severe strep A infections, and gas gangrene.

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Linezolid spectrum

Works against aerobic and Gram-positive bacteria.

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Bactrim CI

Avoid in breastfeeding moms, G6PD deficiency, or folate deficiency patients.

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Gentamicin AE

Possible hearing and kidney issues; black box warning.

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Linezolid CI

Don't use with MAOIs within 2 weeks and be cautious with SSRIs.

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Narrow-spectrum antibiotic

Treats a limited range of bacteria.

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Broad-spectrum antibiotic

Effective against many types of bacteria.

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Bacteriostatic antibiotic

Stops bacterial growth.

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Bactericidal antibiotic

Kills bacteria directly.

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Amoxicillin (Moxatag) use

Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, and H.pylori infections.

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Vancomycin (Vancocin) spectrum

Effective against only Gram-positive bacteria.

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Doxycycline use

Acne and periodontal disease.

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Cephalexin (Keflex) infection types

Treats staph and strep infections; surgical prophylaxis and bone/skin infections

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Aspirin's effectiveness timeframe

Aspirin is most effective when given within 8-10 hours of ingestion, but still holds some benefit afterwards.

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Aspirin's mechanism of action

Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase, reducing inflammation, pain, and fever; it also protects against heart attack and stroke.

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Long-term Aspirin use considerations

Long-term aspirin use, may cause GI bleeding, and needs patient education, including potential side effects and how to manage them.

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Aspirin during pregnancy

Low-dose aspirin use is generally permitted, while higher doses or use in the late-stage of pregnancy may cause risks for the baby.

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Labs to monitor with anti-inflammatory meds

Different labs will need to be monitored depending on the medication used, which can include glucose, electrolytes, blood pressure, weight, and depending on specific medications like prednisone, a chest x-ray or eye examination may be needed.

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Anti-inflammatory drugs

A group of medications used to reduce inflammation, pain, and fever.

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Acetaminophen overdose treatment

Acetylcysteine is the specific antidote for acetaminophen overdose.

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Prototype drugs

The most representative drugs within a particular drug class, often studied first for understanding the class's mechanism and use.

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Drug class use across lifespan

Understanding how different drug classes are used safely and effectively in pediatric, pregnant, breastfeeding, and older adult populations.

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Safety considerations for drugs

Contraindications, precautions, and monitoring parameters to ensure safe drug use.

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Drug Mechanism of Action

How a drug produces its effect on the body.

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Drug uses

Conditions a drug treats

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Drug-related complications for patients

Common and serious side effects, contraindications of medication

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COPD Diagnosis

Requires spirometry testing showing a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio less than 0.7, along with COPD signs and symptoms.

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COPD and Asthma Differences

COPD is a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow limitation, whereas asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease; Spirometry changes are used to confirm COPD.

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Short-Acting Anticholinergics (SAA)

Medicines like ipratropium, they block muscarinic receptors to reduce bronchoconstriction, used for COPD maintenance and asthma exacerbations.

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Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists (LAMA)

Drugs like tiotropium, block muscarinic receptors for 24 hours, better scheduling than short-acting anticholinergics.

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Short-Acting Beta2 Agonists (SABA)

Albuterol is an example; used as needed (pror as needed) to open airways quickly.

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Long-Acting Beta2 Agonists (LABA)

Salmeterol, improves COPD and long-term asthma management. Must be used with corticosteroids for asthma.

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Methylxanthines

Theophylline is the only example; bronchodilator only used after other drugs are too expensive.

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Asthma Diagnosis

Asthma diagnosis often involves checking eosinophils and IgE levels (high levels = potential asthma).

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Initial Asthma Treatment

Inhaled glucocorticoids are the first-line treatment for asthma inflammation. Short-acting beta agonists (SABAs) are used as needed.

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COPD Treatment Groups

COPD treatment groups (A, B, etc.) are based on the frequency and severity of exacerbations (worsening of symptoms). Different treatments are used depending on the group.

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ICS in Asthma (Children)

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) can slow growth in children, but poorly controlled asthma can also hinder growth.

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COPD vs. Asthma ICS

ICS (inhaled corticosteroids) are not recommended as a regular monotherapy for COPD, but may be used for exacerbations.

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Asthma classification

Asthma is classified into different groups based on severity and frequency of symptoms, affecting medication strategy.

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LABA Monotherapy in Asthma

Long-acting beta agonists (LABAs) should not be used as the only asthma treatment in the long term or for acute asthma.

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Theophylline Interactions

Certain medications can affect theophylline levels in the body, potentially requiring adjustments in dosages.

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COPD Group A Treatment

For COPD Group A, a bronchodilator is the initial treatment.

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Factors affecting Theophylline levels

Substances that influence how quickly the body breaks down theophylline, an anti-asthma medication.

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Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) imbalance

PUD arises from an imbalance between protective factors (like mucus and bicarbonate) in the stomach lining and harmful factors (like bacteria, drugs, and stomach acid).

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PUD Treatment approach

Treating peptic ulcers involves antibiotics, acid suppressants, and protectants. Triple/quadruple therapy is common.

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Vitamins to monitor with anti-ulcer meds

When prescribing anti-ulcer medications, monitor vitamin B12, magnesium, and calcium levels to avoid deficiencies.

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PPI Indications and Contraindications

PPIs are used for GERD, ulcers and hypersecretory conditions. Care is needed with certain populations due to potential side effects like calcium/magnesium issues.

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Laxative vs. Catharsis

Laxatives produce a mild, gradual bowel movement, whereas catharsis results in a faster, complete bowel evacuation (colonoscopy prep).

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Constipation Treatment for Bed-Bound Patients

Colace is a common treatment for constipation in bed-bound patients because it is safe and effective.

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Bowel Cleansing product considerations

Preparation for colonoscopies needs using bowel cleansing products carefully. Always consider the patient’s sensitivities during use.

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Sodium Phosphate Laxatives

Laxative products containing sodium phosphate, used for bowel preparation before medical procedures. They can cause kidney damage. Examples include Visicol and OsmoPrep.

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PEG-ELS Laxatives

Bowel preparation laxatives that use polyethylene glycol (PEG) and electrolytes, isotonic with body fluids. Avoids electrolyte abnormalities and dehydration. Example: GoLytely.

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Scopolamine

A muscarinic antagonist, commonly used to prevent motion sickness. Has side effects like dry mouth, blurred vision, and drowsiness. A patch form is more effective.

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Gram-positive Bacteria

Bacteria with thick cell walls that stain purple in a Gram stain.

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Gram-negative Bacteria

Bacteria with thin cell walls that stain pink in a Gram stain.

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Bacteria Classification

Bacteria are classified by shape (cocci, bacilli, spirochetes), staining characteristics (Gram-positive/Gram-negative), and oxygen requirements (aerobic/anaerobic).

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Narrow-spectrum antibiotic

An antibiotic effective against a limited range of bacteria.

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Broad-spectrum antibiotic

An antibiotic effective against a wide range of bacteria.

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Anti-inflammatory drugs

Medications used to reduce inflammation, pain, and fever.

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Acetaminophen overdose treatment

Acetylcysteine is the specific antidote for acetaminophen overdose.

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Prototype drugs

The most representative drugs in a specific drug class.

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Drug class use across lifespan

Understanding safe drug use in different age groups: pediatric, pregnancy, breastfeeding, and older adults.

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Safety considerations for drugs

Contraindications, cautions, and monitoring needed to prevent drug-related issues.

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Drug Mechanism of Action

How a drug creates its effect on the body.

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Drug uses

Conditions or symptoms a drug treats.

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Drug-related complications

Common and serious side effects or contraindications of a medication

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COPD Diagnosis

Requires spirometry testing (FEV1/FVC < 0.7) and symptoms.

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COPD vs Asthma

COPD is progressive airflow limitation. Asthma is chronic inflammation.

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Short-Acting Anticholinergics (SAA)

Block muscarinic receptors for quick bronchodilation.

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Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists (LAMA)

Block muscarinic receptors for 24 hours, extended relief.

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Short-Acting Beta2 Agonists (SABA)

Used as needed(prn) to open airways quickly.

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Long-Acting Beta2 Agonists (LABA)

Salmeterol; for COPD/asthma, MUST be with a corticosteroid in asthma.

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Asthma Diagnosis

Often involves high eosinophils and IgE levels.

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COPD Treatment Groups

Based on exacerbation frequency and severity.

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Initial Asthma Treatment

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the first-line treatment for asthma inflammation, while short-acting beta agonists (SABAs) are used as needed.

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COPD Treatment Groups

COPD treatment is categorized based on exacerbation frequency and severity. Different therapies are recommended for groups A, B, etc.

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ICS in Asthma (Children)

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) can potentially slow growth in children, similar to uncontrolled asthma's effect.

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COPD vs. Asthma ICS

Inhaled corticosteroids are not typical for regular COPD use but might be helpful to manage exacerbations. In asthma, they're a common element in long-term treatment.

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Asthma Classification

Asthma severity and symptom frequency aid in categorization to tailor medication strategies.

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LABA Monotherapy in Asthma

Long-acting beta agonists (LABAs) should not be the only asthma treatment for long-term management or quick symptom relief.

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Theophylline Interactions

Certain medications can impact theophylline levels, requiring adjustments to dosage.

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COPD Group A Treatment

For COPD Group A, a bronchodilator is the initial recommended therapy.

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Theophylline Breakdown & Interactions

Certain substances affect how quickly the body breaks down theophylline, a medication for asthma and COPD.

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PUD Imbalance

Peptic ulcers form when protective factors (mucus, bicarbonate) in the stomach lining are outweighed by harmful factors (bacteria, drugs, acid).

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PUD Treatment

Peptic ulcer treatment usually involves antibiotics, acid suppressants, and protectors, with triple/quadruple therapies being common.

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Vitamins to Monitor with Anti-Ulcer Meds

Anti-ulcer medications can sometimes affect vitamin B12, magnesium, and calcium levels, which need to be monitored.

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PPI Indications

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used to treat GERD, ulcers, and certain hyper-secretory conditions.

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Laxative vs. Cathartic

A laxative causes a gradual, mild bowel movement, while a cathartic causes a faster, complete evacuation; used in colonoscopies

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Constipation Treatment (Bed-bound)

Colace is a common treatment for constipation, particularly in bed-bound patients, due to its safety and effectiveness.

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Bowel Cleansing Product Use

Bowel preparation products for colonoscopies need to be used cautiously, with patient considerations, particularly related to electrolyte balance and hydration.

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Narrow-spectrum drug preference

Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are typically preferred over broad-spectrum antibiotics to treat infections because they target specific bacteria, minimizing the risk of developing antibiotic resistance and potentially affecting the wrong bacteria.

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Antimicrobial drug resistance

Drug resistance occurs when microbes evolve the ability to withstand the effects of drugs, often in response to their prolonged or widespread use thus creating microbial imbalance.

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Broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance risk

Broad-spectrum antibiotics contribute more to the development of antimicrobial treatment resistance than narrow-spectrum antibiotics because broad-spectrum drugs kill more types of bacteria, which then selects those that survive to reproduce.

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Antibiotic selection factors

Choosing an antibiotic involves considering factors including the type of infection, patient's condition, and the antibiotic's spectrum of activity, along with emergent or urgent situations.

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Antibiotic selection process

Antibiotic selection typically begins with broad-spectrum antibiotics if needed urgently and then culture or test the specific microbe present to improve specificity and tailor the treatment.

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Prophylactic antibiotic use

Prophylactic antibiotics are administered to prevent infections before they might occur in specific situations such as surgery, bacterial endocarditis, neutropenia, or recurrent UTIs.

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Monitoring infection resolution

The effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy is monitored closely to assess resolution of the infection, possibly by observing if symptoms subside in patients.

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Amoxicillin (Moxatag) usage

Amoxicillin, an aminopenicillin, is a broad-spectrum antibiotic commonly used to treat various bacterial infections, including infections of the throat, ear or sinus infections, and H. pylori infections.

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Cephalosporin (Keflex)

Bactericidal antibiotic, similar to PCNs, treating various infections like bone, respiratory, UTI, and skin infections, often used as an alternative if allergic to penicillin.

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Carbapenem (Primaxin)

Broad-spectrum antibiotic, effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, commonly used for complicated infections, such as blood stream/bone/joint/GYN/ABD/PNA/skin/UTI.

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Vancomycin (Vancocin)

Glycopeptide antibiotic, used specifically for Gram-positive bacteria, treating conditions like C. difficile, MRSA, and other serious infections in penicillin-allergic patients.

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Tetracyclines (Doxycycline)

Bacteriostatic antibiotics, often a second-line treatment for various bacterial infections, including acne.

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Prevention of endocarditis prophylaxis with dental procedures

Certain procedures can increase the risk of bacteria entering the bloodstream leading to endocarditis.

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