Antibiotics: Mechanisms, Uses, and Adverse Effects

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Questions and Answers

Match each antibiotic with its primary mechanism of action:

Amoxicillin = Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis Clavulanic Acid = Inhibits β-lactamase enzymes Penicillin G = Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis Ampicillin = Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

Match each condition with the antibiotic commonly used for its treatment:

Otitis media = Amoxicillin Lower RTI = Amoxicillin Cholecystitis = Amoxicillin β-lactamase producing bacterial infections = Augmentin

Match each characteristic with the appropriate antibiotic:

Hydrophilic amino side-chain = Amoxicillin β-lactam ring with little antimicrobial activity = Clavulanic Acid High oral absorption = Amoxicillin Contains amoxicillin = Augmentin

Match each antibiotic with its primary route of administration:

Amoxicillin = Oral/IV Clavulanic Acid = Oral Augmentin = Oral/IV Penicillin G = IV Signup and view all the answers

Match each adverse effect with the antibiotic or class of antibiotics most associated with it:

Hypersensitivity reactions = Penicillins Antibiotic-associated colitis = Extended-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics Hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice = Augmentin Rashes (non-allergic) = Extended-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

Match each bacterial species with the antibiotic that is highly effective against it:

Escherichia coli = Amoxicillin Haemophilus influenzae = Amoxicillin Staphylococcus aureus (non-β-lactamase) = Penicillin G Listeria monocytogenes = Amoxicillin Signup and view all the answers

Match each clinical scenario with the most appropriate antibiotic choice:

Prophylaxis against infective endocarditis = Amoxicillin β-lactamase producing Staphylococcus aureus infection = Augmentin Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis (oral) = Amoxicillin Urinary tract infection (uncomplicated) = Amoxicillin Signup and view all the answers

Match each condition with its description related to antibiotic use and effects:

Superinfection = secondary infection due to elimination of normal flora Cross-hypersensitivity = allergy to one penicillin implies allergy to others β-lactamase = enzyme that inactivates penicillin antibiotics Anaphylactic shock = severe, potentially fatal allergic reaction Signup and view all the answers

Match the antimicrobial agent with its target:

Antibiotics = Bacteria Antifungals = Fungi Antivirals = Viruses Antiparasitics = Parasites Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to antimicrobial use with their descriptions:

Empiric Therapy = Treatment initiated before specific culture results are available. Definitive Therapy = Treatment based on known organism identification and susceptibilities. Prophylactic Therapy = Preventative treatment to avoid potential infection. Selective Toxicity = Harmful to microbe with minimal/no harm to humans. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects with their description of 'selective toxicity':

High Effectiveness = The antimicrobial should be highly effective against the target microbe Minimal Toxicity = The antimicrobial has minimal or no toxic effects on human cells. Vulnerable targets = Targets on the microbe that don't exist in humans. Surface Receptors = Targets on the surface of the microbe. Signup and view all the answers

Match the statements, in regards to when it would be appropriate to prescribe antibiotics:

Active Infection = Antibiotics are typically reserved for active infections. Immunocompromised Patients = A reviewed antibiotic regime may be used for this category. Reduce Load = To help the immune system remove infection. Remove Cause = It is more important to remove the source of infection. Signup and view all the answers

Match the penicillin with their description:

Penicillin G = Administered intravenously for serious infections Penicillin V = Administered orally for milder infections Narrow Spectrum = Effective against a limited range of bacteria. β-Lactamase sensitive = Susceptible to breakdown by bacterial enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with the clinical condition in which penicillin is used:

Rheumatic Fever = Prevent recurrence using penicillin. Dental Procedures = Administer penicillin to patients with valvular heart disorders. Infective Endocarditis = Use Penicillin G as an initial therapy. Streptococcal Infections = A known clinical use for penicillin Signup and view all the answers

Match the following adverse effects of metronidazole with their corresponding causes:

Nausea, headache, dry mouth = General side effects of Metronidazole Metallic taste = Specific sensory effect of the drug Disulfiram-like effect = Inhibition of alcohol metabolism Increased plasma levels of phenytoin = Drug interaction with phenytoin Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drug interactions with their effects when co-administered with Metronidazole:

Cimetidine = Decreased metronidazole metabolism Phenobarbitone = Increased metronidazole metabolism Warfarin = Increased anticoagulant effect Lithium = Increased plasma levels of lithium Signup and view all the answers

Indicate the mechanism by which cell wall inhibitors work:

Growth Phase = Bacteria must be in this phase for cell wall inhibitors to work. Transpeptidase = Enzyme is inhbited by Penicilin. Cell Wall Defects = Leads to swelling of the bacteria with the cell-wall compromised. Rupturing Membranes = Cell wall defects lead to this. Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with the description:

Antibiotics = Effective against bacteria only Bactericidal = Agent that kills bacteria Antiseptics = Surface nonspecific antimicrobial agents Bacteriostatic = Agent that inhibits the growth of bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Match the following clinical scenarios with the appropriate use of metronidazole:

Tooth abscess = Treatment of anaerobic bacterial infection Gum infections = Treatment of localized anaerobic infection Infections under the gum around the neck of the tooth = Targeting anaerobic bacteria in periodontal infections Dental implant infection = Management of anaerobic infections associated with implants Signup and view all the answers

Match the mechanisms of action with their antibiotic:

Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis = Metronidazole Binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome = Clindamycin Interference with the formation of the initiation complex = Clindamycin Inhibition of translocation = Clindamycin Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with the cautions or contraindications associated with clindamycin use:

GIT Disease = Caution due to risk of colitis Severe Hepatic Impairment = Contraindicated due to altered metabolism Porphyria = Contraindicated due to potential exacerbation Elderly = Caution due to increased risk of adverse effects Signup and view all the answers

Match the following adverse effects with the conditions associated with Clindamycin:

Diarrhoea, nausea = Common side effects of Clindamycin Transient increase in liver enzymes = Mild liver dysfunction Pseudomembranous colitis = Clostridium difficile infection Skin reactions = Hypersensitivity to Clindamycin Signup and view all the answers

Match the following clinical scenarios involving specific infections with the appropriate antibiotic:

Severe soft tissue infections = Clindamycin Lung abscesses = Clindamycin Quinsy not responding to penicillin = Clindamycin Infections within the bone = Clindamycin Signup and view all the answers

Match the following properties to either Metronidazole or Clindamycin.

Blocks nucleic acid replication = Metronidazole Protein synthesis inhibitor = Clindamycin Effective against anaerobic bacteria = Both Bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on concentration = Clindamycin Signup and view all the answers

Match the antibiotic with its primary spectrum of activity or specific dental application:

Penicillin V = Narrow spectrum; often first choice for tooth abscesses with low resistance probability. Amoxicillin = Broad spectrum; effective for tooth abscesses but with a higher potential for resistance. Augmentin = Used for tooth abscesses when resistance to other antibiotics is suspected. Metronidazole = Effective against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, used for acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with the antibiotics used in their treatment:

Tooth abscess (first-line) = Penicillin V Tooth abscess with suspected resistance = Augmentin Clostridium difficile infection = Oral vancomycin Peptic ulcers (Helicobacter pylori) = Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

Match the antibiotic with its characteristic dosing frequency for dental infections:

Penicillin V = Four times daily Amoxicillin = Three times daily Augmentin = Two or three times daily, depending on the strength (1g twice daily is common). Oral Vancomycin = Dosage varies significantly based on the severity and patient factors. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following potential adverse effects with the antibiotic most closely associated with it:

'Red man syndrome' = Vancomycin (IV) Nephrotoxicity (in geriatric patients) = Vancomycin Clostridium difficile infection = Broad-spectrum antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin) Disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol = Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with the corresponding consideration when using amoxicillin/clavulanic acid:

Caution during lactation = Excreted in mother's milk. Dosage adjustments = Elderly and neonates require adjusted intervals. Contraindication = Allergy to penicillin. Resistance patterns = Resistance is the reason to prescribe Augmentin. Signup and view all the answers

Match the mechanism of action to the corresponding antibiotic:

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis by binding to D-ala-D-ala = Vancomycin Inhibition of DNA synthesis leading to strand breakage = Metronidazole Inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking = Vancomycin Beta-lactam ring binding to penicillin-binding proteins = Penicillin V and Amoxicillin Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with the antibiotic that best fits:

Poorly absorbed orally and given intravenously = Vancomycin Selectively toxic against anaerobic organisms = Metronidazole Requires therapeutic drug monitoring, especially in patients with impaired renal function = Vancomycin Commonly used for dental infections because of its effectiveness and lower resistance rates = Penicillin V Signup and view all the answers

Match indications with the antibiotic of choice:

Gastrointestinal tract infections (Clostridium difficile) = Oral Vancomycin Suspected resistance in tooth abscess = Augmentin Dental infections = Amoxicillin _Actinomycosis = Penicillin Signup and view all the answers

Match the medication in Mr. Help's prescription with its form:

Amoxicillin 500mg = Capsules Ibuprofen 400mg = Tablets Andolex C = Mouthwash Amoxicillin 125mg/5ml = Suspension Signup and view all the answers

Match the abbreviation found on a prescription to its meaning:

prn = When necessary qid = Four times a day stat = Immediately pc = After meals Signup and view all the answers

Match the frequency of medication administration with its corresponding abbreviation used on prescriptions:

Twice a day = bd Three times a day = tds Every 6 hours = q6h At night = nocte Signup and view all the answers

Relate the following dental procedures to drugs from the text that might be prescribed:

Severe toothache = Ibuprofen 400mg Potential bacterial infection = Amoxicillin 500mg Oral hygiene maintenance = Andolex C Mouthwash Child bacterial infection = Amoxicillin 125mg/5ml Signup and view all the answers

Match the prescription instruction with the corresponding units and quantity listed on the prescription for Mr. Help:

Amoxicillin 500mg Capsules Supply = 15 Capsules Ibuprofen 400mg Tablets Supply = 30 Tablets Andolex C Mouthwash Supply = 200ml Amoxicillin 125mg/5ml Suspension Supply = 200ml Signup and view all the answers

Match each time of day with when the label says to take each of the following medications:

Amoxicillin = After meals Ibuprofen = Every 8 hours when needed Andolex C Mouthwash = Twice a day Suspension Amoxicillin = Three times a day Signup and view all the answers

Categorize each medication based on its primary function:

Amoxicillin = Antibiotic Ibuprofen = Pain Relief Andolex C Mouthwash = Antiseptic Amoxicillin Suspension = Antibiotic Signup and view all the answers

Match each part of address with its full location:

Mr. Help Address = 11 Incisor Street, Palate City, 3848 Dr. Pain Address = 38 Molar Street, Wisdom City, 5161 Dr. Pain Telephone = (011) 121-3141 Dr. Pain Emergency = 082-911-1112 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scenarios with the appropriate type of antibiotic therapy:

A patient presents with a suspected bacterial infection, but the specific pathogen has not yet been identified. = Empiric A patient has a confirmed bacterial infection, and antibiotic treatment is tailored to target the specific identified pathogen. = Definitive A patient requires a single dose of antibiotics before a dental procedure due to a high risk of infection. = Prophylactic A patient has a known bacterial infection, and the initially prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotic is switched to a narrow-spectrum antibiotic after lab results identify the causative pathogen. = Definitive Signup and view all the answers

Match the following dental conditions or patient factors with the most appropriate antibiotic:

Patient with no known drug allergies needing prophylaxis before a dental procedure. = Amoxicillin Patient with a penicillin allergy needing prophylaxis before a dental procedure. = Clindamycin A localized bacterial infection following a tooth extraction. = Amoxicillin A severe tooth abscess that requires antibiotics with good bone penetration. = Clindamycin Signup and view all the answers

Match each patient scenario with whether antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended before dental procedures, according to AHA/ACC guidelines:

Patient with a prosthetic cardiac valve. = Prophylaxis Recommended Patient with a history of infective endocarditis. = Prophylaxis Recommended Patient with repaired congenital heart defect with residual shunts. = Prophylaxis Recommended Patient with a prosthetic joint. = Prophylaxis Not Recommended Signup and view all the answers

Match the potential causes of antibiotic resistance:

Overuse for viral infections. = Increased resistance Incomplete course of antibiotics. = Increased resistance Use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics. = Decreased resistance Following prescribed dosage and course duration. = Decreased resistance Signup and view all the answers

Match the antibiotic resistance mechanisms with their descriptions:

Bacteria alter the target site of the antibiotic so it can no longer bind effectively. = Target Modification Bacteria produce enzymes that chemically modify the antibiotic, rendering it inactive. = Enzymatic Inactivation Bacteria actively pump the antibiotic out of the cell, reducing its intracellular concentration. = Efflux Pump Decreased uptake of the antibiotic into the cell. = Reduced Permeability Signup and view all the answers

Match the following potential outcomes with the appropriate antibiotic:

Indicated for use when a patient is allergic to penicillin. = Clindamycin Associated with a risk of pseudomembranous colitis. = Clindamycin Commonly used in antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedures. = Amoxicillin Taken orally one hour before a dental procedure. = Amoxicillin Signup and view all the answers

Match types of antibiotic therapy to key aspects of treating infections:

Used before the nature of an infection is known. = Empiric Administered when there is no current infection. = Prophylactic Focused on the known bacteria causing the infection. = Definitive Involves using broad-spectrum antibiotics. = Empiric Signup and view all the answers

Match each clinical scenario after a tooth extraction with the likely course of action:

Patient develops signs of a localized bacterial infection several days post-extraction. = Prescribe Antibiotics Patient reports normal healing with no signs of infection. = Monitor Healing Patient has a history of infective endocarditis and requires another extraction. = Administer Prophylactic Antibiotics Patient experiences mild pain and swelling that resolves with analgesics. = Monitor Healing Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antimicrobials

Drugs effective against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites.

Antibiotics

Drugs that target and kill bacteria.