Antibiotics Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary action of sulfonamides?

  • Increase blood circulation
  • Enhance respiratory function
  • Stimulate bacterial growth
  • Inhibit bacterial synthesis of folic acid (correct)

    • Which of the following are common adverse effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole?

  • Increased appetite and fatigue
  • Constipation and rash
  • Headache and dizziness (correct)
  • Hypertension and palpitations

    • What type of infections is metronidazole indicated for?

  • Fungal skin infections
  • Bacterial and protozoal infections (correct)
  • Urinary tract infections
  • Viral respiratory infections

    • What is a key consideration when administering sulfonamides?

    <p>Fluid intake should be increased to prevent crystalluria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the serious adverse effects associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole?

    <p>Bone marrow suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which penicillins act against bacteria?

    <p>Interfering with bacterial wall cell synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for using penicillin?

    <p>Hypersensitivity to amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is associated with the use of penicillins?

    <p>Tooth discoloration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria does penicillin primarily target?

    <p>Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can be treated effectively with penicillin?

    <p>Bacterial meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the effectiveness of oral contraceptives when combined with penicillins?

    <p>Decreases effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of beta-lactamase enzyme inhibitors in relation to penicillins?

    <p>They enhance the effect of penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of cephalosporins?

    <p>Inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential side effect is associated with cefepime?

    <p>Hepatic dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation should caution be exercised when using ceftriaxone?

    <p>In patients with a history of hypersensitivity to penicillins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections can cephalosporins treat?

    <p>Bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common side effect is noted for macrolides like erythromycin?

    <p>GI distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria are ceftriaxone and cefepime effective against?

    <p>Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable risk when using certain cephalosporins simultaneously with anticoagulants?

    <p>Increased bleeding tendency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections is nafcillin particularly effective against?

    <p>Skin and bone/joint infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of 4th generation cephalosporins?

    <p>They have a broader spectrum of activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections is Erythromycin effective against?

    <p>Respiratory infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of Azithromycin?

    <p>Abdominal cramping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Clindamycin inhibit?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of infection is Lincosamides notably ineffective?

    <p>Gram-negative infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with Azithromycin administration?

    <p>Pseudomembranous colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic might require caution when receiving Erythromycin?

    <p>Individuals allergic to penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred method of diluting IV Azithromycin?

    <p>Normal saline or dextrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What syndrome can result from Clindamycin use?

    <p>Pseudomembranous colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of administration for Clindamycin to avoid GI distress?

    <p>Oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important caution regarding the use of Theophylline?

    <p>Risk of liver damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk associated with the rapid intravenous administration of Vancomycin?

    <p>Red Man Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics is contraindicated during the first and last trimester of pregnancy?

    <p>Tetracyclines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is associated with the use of Gentamicin?

    <p>Hearing impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect of fluoroquinolones?

    <p>Tendonitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the peak action time for Vancomycin after infusion?

    <p>30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option describes a potential interaction when taking Doxycycline?

    <p>Decreased absorption with iron supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that the serum levels of Vancomycin are adequate during treatment?

    <p>Appropriate trough levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of agent is Doxycycline primarily considered?

    <p>Bacteriostatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is associated with fluoroquinolones?

    <p>Bone marrow depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should Gentamicin be administered for optimal effectiveness?

    <p>Intramuscularly or intravenously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Antibiotics, Antivirals, Antifungals

    • Penicillins (broad spectrum):

      • Action: Beta-lactam ring interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
      • Indication: Otitis media, tonsillitis, sinusitis, respiratory and urinary tract infections (gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria), endocarditis.
      • Adverse effects: GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, skin discoloration, superinfection, anaphylaxis.
      • Misc.: Allergy, hypersensitivity to cephalosporins, pseudomembranous colitis, ulcerative colitis, GI disease, decreased effect with acidic foods and drinks. May decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives. Not effective against gram-negative bacteria.

    • Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins (e.g., Nafcillin):

      • Action: Treat penicillinase-producing S. aureus.
      • Indication: Endocarditis, meningitis, skin, respiratory, bone/joint infections.
      • Adverse effects: GI: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, renal impairment, skin stomatitis.
      • Misc.: Not effective against gram-negative bacteria.

    • Cephalosporins:

      • Action: Inhibits bacterial cell wall.
      • Indication: Otitis media, meningitis.
      • Adverse effects: GI distress, phlebitis, injection site reaction, elevated.
      • Misc.: Caution: hypersensitivity to penicillins.

    • Ceftriaxone (3rd generation):

      • Action: antibacterial synthesis causing cell lysis.
      • Indication: Gonorrhea, bacteremia, respiratory, bone/joint, abdominal, and urinary tract infections (gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria).
      • Adverse effects: Hepatic enzymes, pseudomembranous colitis, nephrotoxicity.
      • Misc.: Increased bleeding if used with anticoagulants.

    • Cefepime (4th generation):

      • Action: inhibits bacterial cell wall.
      • Indication: Bacteremia, respiratory, skin, intraabdominal, and urinary tract infections.
      • Adverse effects: GI distress, headache.
      • Misc.: Caution: hypersensitivity to penicillins.

    • Macrolides (broad spectrum):

      • Action: Bind to 50S ribosomal subunits to inhibit protein synthesis.
      • Indication: Respiratory infections
      • Adverse effects: GI distress, diarrhea.
      • Misc.: Interactions: theophylline, carbamazepine, and warfarin
      • Erythromycin, Azithromycin:
        • Action: Bacteriostatic (at low concentrations).
        • Indication: respiratory infections, pneumonia, GI distress
        • Adverse effects: diarrhea, abdominal cramping.
        • Misc: "Zpack"- use over 7 days with slow taper.

    • Lincosamides (e.g., Clindamycin):

      • Action: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
      • Indication: Lower respiratory tract infections, STIs and skin infections.
      • Adverse effects: GI distress, bone marrow suppression, pseudomembranous colitis.
      • Misc.: Not effective against gram-negative bacteria.

    • Glycopeptides (e.g., Vancomycin):

      • Action: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
      • Indication: Active prophylaxis against severe gram-positive bacteria, bacteremia and C. diff infections
      • Adverse effects: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, red man syndrome, cardiac issues, permanent hearing loss, headache, dizziness, fatigue
      • Misc.: Monitor levels, peak and trough, dilute IV.

    • Tetracyclines (e.g., Doxycycline):

      • Action: Inhibits bacterial synthesis.
      • Indication: Respiratory, urinary tract and skin infections, STDs.
      • Adverse effects: GI distress, hepatotoxicity, bone damage, teeth staining, rash, photosensitivity
      • Misc.: Contraindicated in children under 8, first and last trimester of pregnancy.

    • Aminoglycosides (e.g., Gentamycin):

      • Action: Inhibits protein synthesis, bactericidal.

      • Indication: Serious infections.

      • Adverse effects: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, CNS confusion, disorientation.

      • Misc.: Check peak and trough levels, increased risk of ototoxicity with diuretics.

    • Fluoroquinolones (e.g., Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin):

      • Action: Interferes with DNA enzymes, necessary for bacterial synthesis.

      • Indication: Urinary tract, bone and joint infections, bronchitis, pneumonia

      • Adverse effects: Elevated CNS effects including headache, dizziness and insomnia, rash GI distress

      • Misc.: Reserved for patients with no alternative treatment options. Take before meals without antiacids.

    • Sulfonamides (e.g., Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole):

      • Action: Inhibits synthesis of folic acid, essential for bacterial growth.

      • Indication: Urinary tract, respiratory, ear infections.

      • Adverse effects: GI distress, CNS effects (headache, dizziness, vertigo, ataxia, depression, seizures), hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, bone marrow suppression.

      • Misc.: Combination drug.

    • Nitroimidazoles (e.g., Metronidazole):

      • Action: Disrupts DNA and protein synthesis.

      • Indication: Intraabdominal and respiratory infections, H. pylori

      • Adverse effects: CNS effects, GI effects, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, photosensitivity, rash.

      • Misc.: Given PO, IV, or topically. Avoid ETOH

    • Antituberculars (e.g., Isoniazid):

      • Action: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.

      • Indication: Treat active tuberculosis and prophylaxis.

      • Adverse effects: GI distress, peripheral neuropathy, hepatotoxicity, ocular toxicity.

      • Misc.: Contraindicated: moderate to severe liver disease, Monitor LFTS.

    • Antimycobacterials (e.g., Rifampin):

    • Action: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.

    • Indication: Tuberculosis.

    • Adverse effects: Body fluids may turn orange, hepatotoxicity.

    • Misc.: Given on empty stomach, monitor LFTS.

    • Antifungals (e.g., Fluconazole):

      • Action: Decreases the release of virus from infected cells.

      • Indication: Influenza A and B.

      • Adverse effects: CNS effects, GI and headache.

      • Misc.: given within 48 hours of flu symptoms or exposure.

    • Antivirals for Influenza (e.g., Oseltamivir):

      • Action: Decreases the release of virus from infected cells

      • Indication: Influenza A and B

      • Adverse effects: CNS effects, GI distress, fatigue, dizziness. Headache

    • Herpes Antivirals (e.g., Acyclovir, Valacyclovir):

      • action: Inhibits viral DNA synthesis

      • indication: Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2), chicken pox, shingles

      • adverse effects: GI distress, headache, kidney dysfunction

      • misc.: Monitor kidney function and blood counts, acyclovir can be topical, or oral or IV

      • Antivirals for HIV (e.g., Zidovudine):

        • Action: Inhibits viral reverse transcriptase enzyme and viral replication

        • Indication: Maternal-fetal HIV transmission prevention

        • Adverse effects: Peripheral neuropathy, GI effects, hypersensitivity.

    • Fluconazole:

      • Action: Inhibits fungal cell wall synthesis.

      • Indication: Cryptococcal meningitis, prophylaxis from BMT, radiation therapy

      • Adverse effects: Headache, rash, anemia, liver toxicity, QT prolongation

      • Misc.: Possible drug interactions

    • Lipoatrophy

      • Indication: Lipid loss due to chronic use.

    • Misc.: Monitor hepatic function with chronic use.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on antibiotics, including penicillins and their specific applications, actions, and side effects. This quiz covers both the general characteristics and the particular types of penicillin-resistant penicillins. Challenge yourself and ensure you understand the critical aspects of antibiotic therapy.

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