Antibioticos e Patogenes

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Questions and Answers

Qual pathogen es principalmente commensal e rara vice pathogenic?

  • Candida spp.
  • Streptococcus agalactiae
  • Gardnerella vaginalis
  • Lactobacillus spp. (correct)

Aerobe vaginitis es causate per Lactobacillus spp. que es crescite de manera exagerate.

True (A)

Quo causa un infeccione vaginal candida?

Usa de antibioticos

Gardnerella vaginalis es gram ______.

<p>positiv</p> Signup and view all the answers

Associa le pathogenen con lor descriptions:

<p>Lactobacillus spp. = Gram positif bacil, non pathogenic Gardnerella vaginalis = Gram positiv pleomorf, difficile crescite Streptococcus agalactiae = Gram positiv streptokokken, causa opportunistic infections Candida spp. = Causa infeccione candi, habitualmente post antibioticos</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le methodo serologic pro diagnosticar infecciones causate per Leptospira interrogens?

<p>IgG e IgM determination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leptospira interrogens pote causar un mortalitate de 5 a 10%.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quo debe esser facite pro prevenire infetiones causate per Leptospira interrogens?

<p>Portar vestes con mangas longas e inspeccionar visualmente.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le _________ es un effetto de antibioticos que provoca le morte de bacterias.

<p>bactericid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Associa le classos de antibioticos con lor functiones:

<p>β-lactams = Celwandsynthese Tetracyclines = Proteïne synthese Trimethoprim = Nucleinezuur synthese Daptomycine = Celmembraan functie</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quo es le criterium pro distinguer un antibiotico bactericid de un bacteriostatic?

<p>Le cappacitate de interromper le crecimiento (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibioticos de amplo spektrum son effective solo contra species specific.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le principa causa del resistentia natural in bacterias?

<p>Le resistentia es codificate in le chromosoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le _________ es un tipo de antibiotico que impide le crescimento de bacterias.

<p>bacteriostatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale de iste optiones es correcte pro le traitement de meningitis bacterian? (Selecte tote le optiones correcte)

<p>Amoxicillina (A), Penicillina (B), Vancomicina (C), Cefalosporinas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le pathogeno Listeria monocytogenes es typicamente resistente al cefalosporinas.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale duo typos de pathogenos es communmente associate con endocarditis?

<p>Streptococcus e Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le ______ gruppo de pathogenos es associate con endocarditis e include Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter spp., Cardiobacterium spp., Eikenella spp., e Kingella spp.

<p>HACEK</p> Signup and view all the answers

Associa le pathogenos con lor characteristicas de cultura:

<p><em>Neisseria meningitidis</em> = Kolonias grise con un modello non-hemolytico <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> = Kolonias grise con un modello β-hemolytico <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> = Kolonias alpha-hemolytico <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> = Kolonias aureo con un modello β-hemolytico</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pro le collecta de hemoculturas, le usar de 2 settes de par es necessari pro aumentar le probabilitate de detectar un basse quantitate de bacterias.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale de iste optiones es un factor importante pro considerar in le collecta de hemoculturas?

<p>Le quantitate exacte de sangue collectate (A), Le uso de disinfectives appropriate pro preparar le sito del puncture (B), Le tempore del die quando le sangue es collectate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale es le significato clinic de un hemocultura positive?

<p>Un hemocultura positive indica que le bacteria es presente in le sangue, suggerente un infection bacterian systemic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual bacteria es responsabile pro urethritis e es asociata con mucosaal contact?

<p>Mycoplasma genitalium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tutte le patientes asymptomatique deben esser testate pro Mycoplasma genitalium.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quo determina le sensibilitate de un bacteria in le tratamento?

<p>Moleculaire bepaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mycoplasma genitalium non ha un __________, lo que permitte un rapide changement de forma.

<p>celwall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Associa le pathogene con lor treatment:

<p>Mycoplasma genitalium = Doxycycline si allergia a penicilline Treponema pallidum = Penicilline Haemophilus ducreyi = Trattamento non specificato Gardnerella vaginalis = Restaurar la microbiota normale</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quo es un symptom tipic de syfilis in le stadio primari?

<p>Knobbeltje (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Treponema pallidum pote esser cultivato in laboratorio.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le methodo diagnostic principal pro le detection de syfilis?

<p>Serologie</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale de iste bacterias es Gram positive e aerobe?

<p><em>Granulicatella</em> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Resistenta a vancomycina es commun inter Granulicatella species.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale pathogeno es typicamente implicate in endocarditis post-stomatologische ingressos?

<p><em>Aggregatibacter</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

Brucella melitensis es communicate principalmente per __________.

<p>ovile</p> Signup and view all the answers

Associa le species de Brucella con lor reservorios:

<p><em>Brucella melitensis</em> = Schapen <em>Brucella abortus</em> = Rund <em>Brucella suis</em> = Varken <em>Brucella canis</em> = Hond</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale antibiotico non es sensibile pro Fusobacterium species?

<p>Cephalosporines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anaerobe bacterias cresci in presenza de oxigeno.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale classe de batterias combina grammatiche positive con resistentia a penicilline?

<p>Streptokokken</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le HACEK gruppo es relevante in __________.

<p>hemoculturas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale de iste pathogens es un commensale del orofarynx?

<p><em>Aggregatibacter</em> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le flora commensal del via respiratori superior es constantemente presente, e non cambia significantemente con le tempo.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Un _________ es un infection bacterial del membrana que circumscrive le cerebro e le medulla spinal.

<p>meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale es le pathogeno associate con le morbo de Lyme?

<p>Borrelia burgdorferi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le flora commensal del via respiratorii inferior es sterile, como le pulmones.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale es le scopo de un antibiogram?

<p>Determinar le sensibilitate de un bacteria specific a vari antibioticos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tote le bacterias son resistente al antibioticos.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le resistentia natural es causate per le _____________ de le bacteria.

<p>proprietates innate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le differentia inter un antibiotico bactericid e un antibiotico bacteriostatic?

<p>Un antibiotico bactericid mata le bacterias, mentre que un antibiotico bacteriostatic inhibe le crescimento de bacterias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le ______________ es un mechanismo de resistentia al antibioticos in le qual le bacteria produce un enzyma que inativa le antibiotico.

<p>inactivation enzymatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le resistentia al antibioticos es un problema crescente, e es importante usar antibioticos solmente quando necessari e in le dosis correcte.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mycoplasma genitalium: Bacteriologia

Un typo de bacteria que non ha un pariet de cellula e pote cambiar su forma facilemente.

Mycoplasma genitalium: Pathogenese

Mycoplasma genitalium pote causar urethritis, sed multe infectiones es asymptomatic.

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis): Bacteriologia

Un spirochaet Gram-negative con un movimento de curketrekker.

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis): Pathogenese

Syphilis ha 4 stadia: primarie, secundarie, latente e tertiarie, con typos differente de symptomas in cata stadio.

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Treponema pallidum (Syphilis): Diagnose

Le diagnose de syphilis involve analyse de sanguine pro anti-corpos contra Treponema pallidum.

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Haemophilus ducreyi: Bacteriologia

Haemophilus ducreyi es un coccobacillus Gram-negative que require factor X pro crescer e forma un aspect de 'school of fish'.

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Bacterias vaginal: Bacteriologia

Bacterias gram-negative que es parte del flora normal del vagina.

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Bacteriosis vaginal: Pathologia

Bacteriosis vaginal es un alteracao del equilibrio del flora vaginal, causante un ambiente basic e un alteracao del microbiologia normal.

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Lactobacillus spp.

Un specie de bacteria gram-positive que non forma spora. Il es un commensal del vagina e rarmente es pathogenic.

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Gardnerella vaginalis

Un bacteria gram-positive pleomorphic que es un commensal del vagina. Il pote contribuir a vaginose bacterial, ma non es sempre le causa.

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Vaginitis aerobic

Un infection vaginal causate per un supercrescentia de flora aerobic. Le numero de cellulas blanc in le fluido vaginal es augmentate, ma on non trova cellulas "clue" in un cytologia vaginal.

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Candidiasis vaginal

Un infection vaginal causate per le fungo Candida. Le sintomatos include rubor vaginal, un coating blanc, e un sensation de ardor.

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Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)

Un bacteria gram-positive que normalmente habita le tracto gastrointestinal e genital. Il pote causar infectiones opportuniste como endometritis, bacteriemia, e endocarditis.

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Vias respirator superior

Le parte superior del vias respirator, includente le naso, pharynx, larynx, aures medie, e sinuses.

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Vias respirator inferior

Le parte inferior del vias respirator, includente trachea, bronchi, bronchioli, e alveoli.

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Strato de muco

Un strato de muco presente in le vias respirator que captura particulas strangere.

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Cilia

Cilia microscopic presente in le vias respirator que move le muco e particulas strangere for del corpore.

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Flora commensal

Bacterias que reside normalmente in le corpore sin causar maladie.

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Aspirar

Le processo de inhalation de material strangere in le vias respirator.

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Infection respirator endogene

Un infection del vias respirator causation per bacterias presente normalmente in le corpore.

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Pathogenos respirator

Bacterias que pote causar maladie si illes entra le vias respirator inferior.

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Debilitar le defensa respirator

Le proceso de debilitar le systemas natural de defensa in le vias respirator.

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Flora commensal alterate

Un stato in que le flora commensal es alterate, resultante in un plus grande proportion de bacterias gram-negative.

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Reducer bacterias gram-negative

Le processo de reducer le numero de bacterias gram-negative in le flora commensal.

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Infection respirator

Un infection del vias respirator causation per un pathogeno.

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Pathogeno respirator potential

Un pathogeno respirator potentialmente presente inter le flora commensal del pharynx.

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Trajecto de infection

Le trajecto de un pathogeno del corpore a un location differente.

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Infection exogene

Un infection causate per un organisma que non es normalmente presente in le corpore.

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Neisseria meningitidis: Bacteriologia

Gram-negative diplokokken, qui se trova intra- e extracellularemente.

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Neisseria meningitidis: Pathogenese

Le transmission es asymptomatic o con leve pharyngitis. Invasione del sanguene pote causar meningitis acute.

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Listeria monocytogenes: Bacteriologia

Gram-positive bacillos, frequentemente mobile e non-sporulante.

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Listeria monocytogenes: Pathogenese

Le transmission occurre per animales e productos lactic.

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Endocarditis: Workflow

Le hemocultura es un procedure crucial pro diagnosticar endocarditis. Duo sets de hemocultura es recommendate pro un probabilitate augmentate de detecte de bacterias in basse quantitates.

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Endocarditis: Kweek e Microscopia

Le hemocultura debe esser incubate in un incubator automatic a 37°C. Le microscopia debe esser executate solmente quando le hemocultura es positive.

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Endocarditis: Hemocultura

Le hemocultura es un examine pro le detecte de bacterias in le sanguene. Le examine involve le collection de du sets (duo par de ampullas) de sanguene, un set aerobe e un set anaerobe.

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Endocarditis: Recommendationes pro Hemocultura

Le hemocultura pote resultar falsamente positive si le ampulla es troppo plen.

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Bacterias Sensibile

Le typo de bacterias que es affecta per un antibiotico.

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Bacterias Resistente

Le typo de bacterias que non es affecta per un antibiotico.

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Spectrum Antimicrobian

Le range de bacterias que un antibiotico pote affectar.

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Beta-Lactams

Un typo de antibioticos que bloca le formation del pariet cellular de bacterias.

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Aminoglycosides

Un typo de antibioticos que bloca le production de proteinas in bacterias.

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Fluoroquinolones

Un typo de antibioticos que impedi le replication del ADN in bacterias.

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Bacteriostatic

Un typo de antibioticos que impedi le crescimento de bacterias.

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Bactericidal

Un typo de antibioticos que occide bacterias.

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Resistentia Natural a Antibioticum

Le situation ubi un bacteria es sempre immune a un antibiotico.

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Resistentia Acquisita a Antibioticum

Le situation ubi un bacteria evolve un mechanism de resistentia a un antibiotico.

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Granulicatella e Abiotropha

Gram-positive, aerobic cocci that are catalase-negative. They are commonly found in the mouth and intestines, and can cause a variety of infections, including endocarditis.

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HACEK grupo

A group of bacteria that are commonly associated with infections involving the heart valves and joints. They are often resistant to penicillin and ceftriaxone, but are sensitive to vancomycin.

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Aggregatibacter

A type of bacteria that is commonly found in the mouth and can cause gum infections and endocarditis, particularly after dental procedures.

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Kingella

A type of bacteria that is commonly found in the mouth and can cause bacteremia and septic arthritis, especially in children.

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Gram-negative anaerobe bacteria

A diverse group of bacteria found in the human body that grow only in the absence of oxygen. They are commonly found in the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract.

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Bacteroides grupo

This group of anaerobic bacteria is known for causing infections in various parts of the body, including the brain, lungs, and reproductive system.

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Fusobacterium grupo

These anaerobic bacteria commonly found in the mouth are known for causing infections that are difficult to treat, such as brain abscesses and deep wounds.

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Anaerobe cocci

A group of anaerobic cocci that are often found in the mouth, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. While usually harmless, they can cause opportunistic infections in individuals with weakened immune systems.

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Brucella

A genus of bacteria that are known to cause infections in animals and humans. These bacteria can infect various animals, including sheep, cattle, pigs, and dogs, and can be transmitted to humans via contact with infected animals or consuming contaminated milk or meat.

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Brucella melitensis

This type of Brucella commonly affects sheep and goats and poses a risk for humans who come into contact with infected animals or consume contaminated products.

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Study Notes

Respiratory Infections

  • Introduction to respiratory anatomy and natural defenses
  • Commensal flora of the respiratory tract
  • Routes of respiratory tract infection
  • Upper respiratory tract infections
  • Lower respiratory tract infections
  • Work flow: specimen collection, macroscopic, microscopic, culturing, identification, and antibiogram

Pathogens

  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Moraxella catarrhalis
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Bordetella pertussis
  • Legionella pneumophila
  • Chlamydophila pneumoniae
  • Chlamydia psittaci
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Nocardia spp.
  • Rhodococcus equi

Genus Mycobacterium

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Other mycobacteria

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

  • Introduction to commensal skin flora
  • Innate defense mechanisms against microorganisms
  • Infection vs. colonization vs. contamination
  • Work flow: specimen collection, microscopic, culturing, identification, and antibiogram
  • Pathogens:
    • Staphylococcus aureus
    • Staphylococcus lugdunensis
    • Other staphylococci
    • Streptococcus pyogenes
    • Cutibacterium acnes
    • Actinomyces spp.
    • Eikenella corrodens
    • Pasteurella multocida
    • Corynebacterium spp.
    • Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis
    • Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    • Capnocytophaga (canimorsus)

Mycology

  • Introduction to mycology
  • Morphology
  • Metabolism & reproduction
  • Classification & identification
  • Fungal Classification: filamentous, dimorphic, and yeast
  • Pathogens:
    • Dermatophytes: species and clinical presentations (tinea capitis, barbae, corporis, and pedis)
    • Deep mycoses (aspergillosis and mucormycosis)

Genital Specimens

  • Female genital anatomy
  • Male genital anatomy
  • Genital infections/sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
  • Defense mechanisms: anatomical, chemical, and microbiological barriers

Meningitis & Encephalitis

  • Introduction for Meningitis & Encephalitis
  • Pathogens: Neisseria meningitidis
  • Listeria monocytogenes

Endocarditis

  • Introduction to endocarditis
  • Work flow: specimen collection, culturing identification, antibiogram
  • Pathogens:
    • Viridans streptococci and non-hemolytic streptococci
    • Enterococci
    • Granulicatella & Abiotropha

Abdominal Infections

  • Introduction
  • Pathogens:
    • Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria
    • Anaerobic cocci

Allergies

  • Pathogen: Brucella
  • Borrelia spp., including B. burgdorferi
  • Leptospira interrogens

Antibiotics and Resistance Mechanisms

  • Introduction to antibiotics
  • Classification of antibiotics based on chemical structure, target site, spectrum etc.
  • Mechanisms of resistance
  • Methods for reporting antimicrobial susceptibility results

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