Antibiotics

What are pathogenic microorganisms or pathogens capable of ?

What are antimicrobials

What are antimicrobials able to perform

Coccobacilli are organisms that can look like both cocci and bacilli

Gram-stain method/test is a technique used to clarify bacteria into two groups, gram-positive and gram -egative

What is an indication of antibiotic success other than zone of inhibition

As per the book, antibiotics can cause which of the following

Because some antibiotics can cause nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, what should be monitored

Instructions regarding withdrawal time should be followed to ensure that the drug will be cleared from the animals body. Otherwise the remainder of the drug, known as __________________, can contaminate meat and dairy products which can lead to antibiotic resistance or even allergic reactions in humans

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis works by:

B Lactam drugs inhibit bacterial cell wall ________

Penicillins can be classified as first-, second-, third-, and fourth generation. The first-generation have a broad spectrum and are effective against gram-positive and negative organisms, while the later generations have a more narrow spectrum and are primarily effective against one type of bacteria.

Penicillins can be classified as first-, second-, third-, and fourth generation. The laters generations have a broad spectrum and are effective against both gram-positive and negative organisms, while the first-generation have a more narrow spectrum and are primarily effective against one type of bacteria.

By combining certain antimicrobials with another drug that is a B-lactamase inhibitor resistance can be avoided. What are some common B-lactam drugs ?

Penicillin can be used to treat various infections, such as soft tissue, urinary tract and general bacteria infections, they can also fight internal and external infections, However what are 3 things that penicillins cannot easily cross or enter?

Used for UTI, soft tissue infections, pneumonia and other infections. Comes in capsule, injectable, oral solution and tablets. The most common side effect is diarrhea and vomiting.

Used for skin and urinary tract infections, infected wounds and respiratory infections, comes in oral, suspension and tablets. Not well absorbed by large animals

Used for skin, soft tissue and urinary tract infections as well as pneumonia. Comes in capsule and injectable. Anaphylaxis can occur when given IV

Used for general bacterial infections, pneumonia and sepsis, and comes as an injectable. Addition of secondary drug provides a broader spectrum and makes it more effective against B-lactamase producing bacteria

Used for gram-positive cocci respiratory infections, UTIs or abscecess . Comes in injectable or tablet. Pain and tissue reaction are commonly noted when given SQ or IM. Should NEVER be given IV due to severe and potentially fatal reaction

Large group of antibiotics similar to penicillins and are also used to treat bacterial infections. They kill bacteria directly and can prevent bacterial growth. They are often seen as an alternative to penicillins because they can be more effective at killing certain bacteria

Used for surgical prophylaxis, skin and soft tissue infections and UTIs. Comes as an injectable

Used for skin/soft tissue infections or UTIs. Comes as an injectable

Used on skin and soft tissue infections, comes as an oral suspension or tablet

Used for various infections in cattle, swine and horses. Comes as an injectable

Bacteria have a cell membrane that separates and protects the cells internal structure from the outside environment. Which of the following is an antibiotic that increases permeability of the bacterial cell membrane, causing it to take up water, which will ultimately kill the bacteria

Drugs that _________________ prevent certain molecules from binding to selected sites on ribosomes (ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis)

Common drugs used to inhibit protein synthesis

This class is most commonly administered parenterally because they are not well absorbed in the GI tract, if IV administration is selected, the patient must be well hydrated.

This class of antibiotics is often combined with penicillins and cephalosporins for greater efficacy, however, they are ineffective in the presence of organic material like pus or necrotic tissue

This class of antiobiotics are bacteriostatic that penetrate most body tissues and fluids and are used to treat both systemic and local infections

Aminoglycoside commonly used for gram-negative bacterial infections,injectable form

Aminoglycoside that is generally used for gram-negative bacterial infections and swine dysentery. Comes as an injectable and oral solution for swine

Which of the following is not true of tetracyclines

Causes defects in tooth and bone formation in tooth and bone formation in young animals. This class should not be used eith dairy products because they affect absorption (durg binds to calcium)

Which tetracycline is commonly used for tick borne and bacterial diseases and comes in a capsule, injectable, oral suspension or tablet

Tetracycline commonly used for respiratory , urinary, skin, and soft tissue infections, common forms are bolus, injectables, powder and tablet

Tetracycline that is commonly used for soft tissue infections, UTIs and pneumonia. Common forms are bolus, capsule, oral suspension and powder

This class of antibiotics are bacteriostatic and inhibit the growth of bacteria, often prescribed to treat a wide variety of common bacterial infections. They should be used eith caution in hindgut fermenters and ruminants because the can cause a fatal enterotoxemia. May also cause potentially fatal diarrhea in horses and potential thrombophlebitis if given intravenously

IV solution of this macrolide can be stored at room temperature for 48 hours after reconstitution and can be a good choice for patients with penicillin and cephalosporin allergies

Macrolide commonly used to treat various bacterial infections, particularly gram-positive, comes in capsule, injectable, oral suspension and tablet

This macrolide can cause diarrhea in large animals

This macrolide is commonly used to treat respiratory, skin infections and stimulation of intestinal motility

Horses have had fatal reactions to this macrolide, administration is contraindicated

Macrolide commonly used for bovine respiratory disease, cattle foot rot, swine erysepelas, and swine dysentery . Common forms are feed additive, injectable, and soluble powder

This class of drug can be bactericidal or bacteriostatic depending on the concentration. Particularly effective against gram-positive bacteria, especially staphylococci and streptococci

Lincosamide that can cause esophageal lesions in cats because of its irritating nature. Commonly used for gram-positive anaerobic bacterial infections of skin, mouth and respiratory tract.

This class is a broad spectrum antibiotic, primarily bacteriostatic, can cause blood abnormalities and bone marrow suppression and should be avoided or used with caution in animals with preexisting blood disorders, prohibited in use on food animals

Precautions must be taken by humans when handling this class of drugs because it can cause permanent damage of the bone marrow like aplastic anemia

This class interferes with bacterial production of folic acid, which is critical for bacterial metabolism. Works against many different gram-neg and pos bacteria.

Dobermans, miniature schnauzers and samoyeds seem to have increased sensitivity to this class of drug. Adverse effects in general include KCS, crystaluria, bone marrow suppression and skin rashes

Sulfonamide that commonly treats pneumonia, skin infections, UTIs and soft tissue infections, common form is tablets

Sulfonamide commonly used for intestinal injections, soft tissue infections, UTIs and commonly comes in injectable form, tablet, and oral suspension

Sulfonamide commonly used to treat various bacterial infections in dogs, cats, horses and exotics, common forms are injectables, powder and tablet

Used for UTIs, skin and soft tissue infections in dogs, cats, horses and exotics, comes as an injectable, oral suspension, and tablet

This class prevents DNA replication or inhibit RNA synthesis, effective towards a wide variety of gram neg and pos bacteria, often used to treat resp and UTI

Adverse effects of this class includes blidness or retinopathy in cats and increased risk for tendonitis and ruptured tendons, neurotoxicity, renal toxicity and cartilage damage particularly in young/growing animals. Not all drugs in this class are approved for food animals

Fluoroquinolone used for skin and soft tissue infections, respiratory infections, and bovine respiratory disease, DO NOT use in young animals because of potential for cartilage damage and CNS toxicity

Fluoroquinolone used for bacterial infections in dogs and cats. DO NOT use in young animals because of potential for cartilage damage and CNS toxicity

Fluoroquinolone often used for skin and soft tissue infections, UTIs in dogs, cats, and horses. DO NOT use in young animals due to potential for cartilage damage and CNS toxicity

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Damage to cell membrane

Interference of metabolism

Impairment of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Inhibition of protein synthesis