Antibiotics
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Questions and Answers

What are pathogenic microorganisms or pathogens capable of ?

  • Causing disease in any individual (correct)
  • Causing disease in immunocompromised individuals
  • -
  • -

    • What are antimicrobials

  • Unicellular organisms
  • Chemicals or natural compounds that help kill or prevent growth of microorganisms (correct)
  • Organisms that can look like both cocci and basilli
  • All of the above

    • What are antimicrobials able to perform

  • Functions of an antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antibiotic always
  • Function as an antibiotic depending on certain factors, but can also function as antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic (correct)
  • Only functions as an antibiotic
  • Only functions as an antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic

    • Coccobacilli are organisms that can look like both cocci and bacilli

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gram-stain method/test is a technique used to clarify bacteria into two groups, gram-positive and gram -egative

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indication of antibiotic success other than zone of inhibition

    <p>Minimum in hibitory concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As per the book, antibiotics can cause which of the following

    <p>Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Because some antibiotics can cause nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, what should be monitored

    <p>Blood values and clinical symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Instructions regarding withdrawal time should be followed to ensure that the drug will be cleared from the animals body. Otherwise the remainder of the drug, known as __________________, can contaminate meat and dairy products which can lead to antibiotic resistance or even allergic reactions in humans

    <p>Antibiotic residue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhibition of cell wall synthesis works by:

    <p>Attacking the cell walls of the bacteria and prevents the synthesis of peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    B Lactam drugs inhibit bacterial cell wall ________

    <p>Synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Penicillins can be classified as first-, second-, third-, and fourth generation. The first-generation have a broad spectrum and are effective against gram-positive and negative organisms, while the later generations have a more narrow spectrum and are primarily effective against one type of bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Penicillins can be classified as first-, second-, third-, and fourth generation. The laters generations have a broad spectrum and are effective against both gram-positive and negative organisms, while the first-generation have a more narrow spectrum and are primarily effective against one type of bacteria.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By combining certain antimicrobials with another drug that is a B-lactamase inhibitor resistance can be avoided. What are some common B-lactam drugs ?

    <p>Penicillins and Cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Penicillin can be used to treat various infections, such as soft tissue, urinary tract and general bacteria infections, they can also fight internal and external infections, However what are 3 things that penicillins cannot easily cross or enter?

    <p>BBB, prostate and eyeball</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Used for UTI, soft tissue infections, pneumonia and other infections. Comes in capsule, injectable, oral solution and tablets. The most common side effect is diarrhea and vomiting.

    <p>Amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Used for skin and urinary tract infections, infected wounds and respiratory infections, comes in oral, suspension and tablets. Not well absorbed by large animals

    <p>Amoxicillin + clavulanate potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Used for skin, soft tissue and urinary tract infections as well as pneumonia. Comes in capsule and injectable. Anaphylaxis can occur when given IV

    <p>Ampicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Used for general bacterial infections, pneumonia and sepsis, and comes as an injectable. Addition of secondary drug provides a broader spectrum and makes it more effective against B-lactamase producing bacteria

    <p>Ampicillin + sulbactam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Used for gram-positive cocci respiratory infections, UTIs or abscecess . Comes in injectable or tablet. Pain and tissue reaction are commonly noted when given SQ or IM. Should NEVER be given IV due to severe and potentially fatal reaction

    <p>Penicillin G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Large group of antibiotics similar to penicillins and are also used to treat bacterial infections. They kill bacteria directly and can prevent bacterial growth. They are often seen as an alternative to penicillins because they can be more effective at killing certain bacteria

    <p>Cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Used for surgical prophylaxis, skin and soft tissue infections and UTIs. Comes as an injectable

    <p>Cefazolin sodium/ancef</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Used for skin/soft tissue infections or UTIs. Comes as an injectable

    <p>Cefovecin/convenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Used on skin and soft tissue infections, comes as an oral suspension or tablet

    <p>Cefpodoxime proxetil/simplicef</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Used for various infections in cattle, swine and horses. Comes as an injectable

    <p>Ceftiofur sodim/naxcel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria have a cell membrane that separates and protects the cells internal structure from the outside environment. Which of the following is an antibiotic that increases permeability of the bacterial cell membrane, causing it to take up water, which will ultimately kill the bacteria

    <p>Polymixin B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs that _________________ prevent certain molecules from binding to selected sites on ribosomes (ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis)

    <p>Inhibit protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Common drugs used to inhibit protein synthesis

    <p>Any/All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This class is most commonly administered parenterally because they are not well absorbed in the GI tract, if IV administration is selected, the patient must be well hydrated.

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This class of antibiotics is often combined with penicillins and cephalosporins for greater efficacy, however, they are ineffective in the presence of organic material like pus or necrotic tissue

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This class of antiobiotics are bacteriostatic that penetrate most body tissues and fluids and are used to treat both systemic and local infections

    <p>Tetracyclines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aminoglycoside commonly used for gram-negative bacterial infections,injectable form

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aminoglycoside that is generally used for gram-negative bacterial infections and swine dysentery. Comes as an injectable and oral solution for swine

    <p>Gentamicin sulfate/Gentacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not true of tetracyclines

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Causes defects in tooth and bone formation in tooth and bone formation in young animals. This class should not be used eith dairy products because they affect absorption (durg binds to calcium)

    <p>Tetracyclines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tetracycline is commonly used for tick borne and bacterial diseases and comes in a capsule, injectable, oral suspension or tablet

    <p>Doxycycline /Monodox,Vibramicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tetracycline commonly used for respiratory , urinary, skin, and soft tissue infections, common forms are bolus, injectables, powder and tablet

    <p>Oxytetracycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tetracycline that is commonly used for soft tissue infections, UTIs and pneumonia. Common forms are bolus, capsule, oral suspension and powder

    <p>Tetracycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This class of antibiotics are bacteriostatic and inhibit the growth of bacteria, often prescribed to treat a wide variety of common bacterial infections. They should be used eith caution in hindgut fermenters and ruminants because the can cause a fatal enterotoxemia. May also cause potentially fatal diarrhea in horses and potential thrombophlebitis if given intravenously

    <p>Macrolides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IV solution of this macrolide can be stored at room temperature for 48 hours after reconstitution and can be a good choice for patients with penicillin and cephalosporin allergies

    <p>Azithromycin/Zithromax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macrolide commonly used to treat various bacterial infections, particularly gram-positive, comes in capsule, injectable, oral suspension and tablet

    <p>Azithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This macrolide can cause diarrhea in large animals

    <p>Erythromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This macrolide is commonly used to treat respiratory, skin infections and stimulation of intestinal motility

    <p>Erythromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Horses have had fatal reactions to this macrolide, administration is contraindicated

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macrolide commonly used for bovine respiratory disease, cattle foot rot, swine erysepelas, and swine dysentery . Common forms are feed additive, injectable, and soluble powder

    <p>Tylosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This class of drug can be bactericidal or bacteriostatic depending on the concentration. Particularly effective against gram-positive bacteria, especially staphylococci and streptococci

    <p>Lincosamides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lincosamide that can cause esophageal lesions in cats because of its irritating nature. Commonly used for gram-positive anaerobic bacterial infections of skin, mouth and respiratory tract.

    <p>Clindamycin hydrochloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This class is a broad spectrum antibiotic, primarily bacteriostatic, can cause blood abnormalities and bone marrow suppression and should be avoided or used with caution in animals with preexisting blood disorders, prohibited in use on food animals

    <p>Chloramphenicols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Precautions must be taken by humans when handling this class of drugs because it can cause permanent damage of the bone marrow like aplastic anemia

    <p>Chloramphenicols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This class interferes with bacterial production of folic acid, which is critical for bacterial metabolism. Works against many different gram-neg and pos bacteria.

    <p>Sulfonamides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dobermans, miniature schnauzers and samoyeds seem to have increased sensitivity to this class of drug. Adverse effects in general include KCS, crystaluria, bone marrow suppression and skin rashes

    <p>Chloramphenicols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sulfonamide that commonly treats pneumonia, skin infections, UTIs and soft tissue infections, common form is tablets

    <p>Ormetoprim + sulfadimethoxine/Primor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sulfonamide commonly used for intestinal injections, soft tissue infections, UTIs and commonly comes in injectable form, tablet, and oral suspension

    <p>Sulfadimethoxine/Albon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sulfonamide commonly used to treat various bacterial infections in dogs, cats, horses and exotics, common forms are injectables, powder and tablet

    <p>Ttrimethoprim + sulfadiazine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Used for UTIs, skin and soft tissue infections in dogs, cats, horses and exotics, comes as an injectable, oral suspension, and tablet

    <p>Trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This class prevents DNA replication or inhibit RNA synthesis, effective towards a wide variety of gram neg and pos bacteria, often used to treat resp and UTI

    <p>Fluoroquinolones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adverse effects of this class includes blidness or retinopathy in cats and increased risk for tendonitis and ruptured tendons, neurotoxicity, renal toxicity and cartilage damage particularly in young/growing animals. Not all drugs in this class are approved for food animals

    <p>Fluoroquinolones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluoroquinolone used for skin and soft tissue infections, respiratory infections, and bovine respiratory disease, DO NOT use in young animals because of potential for cartilage damage and CNS toxicity

    <p>Enrofloxacin/Baytril</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluoroquinolone used for bacterial infections in dogs and cats. DO NOT use in young animals because of potential for cartilage damage and CNS toxicity

    <p>Marbofloxacin/Zeniquin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluoroquinolone often used for skin and soft tissue infections, UTIs in dogs, cats, and horses. DO NOT use in young animals due to potential for cartilage damage and CNS toxicity

    <p>Orbifloxacin/Orbax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

    <p>Penicillins, Cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to cell membrane

    <p>Polymixin B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interference of metabolism

    <p>Sulfonamides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Impairment of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

    <p>Fluoroquinolones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhibition of protein synthesis

    <p>Macrolides, Aminoglycosides, Lincosamide, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are cephalosporins

    <p>Cefazolin (ancef), Cefovecin (convenia), Cefpodoxime proxetil (simplicef), Naxel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are penicillins

    <p>Amoxicillin, Clavamox, Ampicillin, Unasyn, Pen G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are aminoglycosides

    <p>Amikacin (amikin), Gentamicin sulfate (gentocin), Tobramycin sulfate (nebcin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Often used to treat infections caused by bacteria that either multiply quickly or are difficult to eliminate

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the followings are tetracyclines

    <p>Doxycycline, Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline (monodox)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are macrolides

    <p>Azithromycin, Erythromycin, Tylosin (tylan)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are lincosamides

    <p>Clindamycin hydrochloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Broad spectrum antibiotics that are primarily bacteriostatic

    <p>Lincosamides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can cause blood abnormalities and bone marrow suppression and should be avoided or used with caution in animals with pre-existing blood disorders, also prohibited for use in food animals

    <p>Chloramphenicols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are sulfonamides

    <p>Ormetoprim +sulfadimethoxine (primor), Sulfadimethoxine (albon), Trimethoprim +sulfadiazine), Trimethoprim +sulfamethoxazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are fluoroquinolones

    <p>Orbifloxacin (orbax), Enrofloxacin (baytril), Marbofloxacin (zeniquin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bactericidal or bacteriostatic depending on the concentration of the drug especially staphylococci and streptococci

    <p>Lincosamides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pathogenic Microorganisms

    • Capable of causing disease or infection

    Antimicrobials

    • Capable of killing or inhibiting microorganisms
    • Perform various functions, including:
      • Inhibiting cell wall synthesis
      • Inhibiting protein synthesis
      • Increasing permeability of bacterial cell membrane

    Bacterial Classification

    • Coccobacilli: organisms that can resemble both cocci and bacilli
    • Gram-stain method: classifies bacteria into two groups, gram-positive and gram-negative

    Antibiotics

    • Can cause nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, requiring monitoring of kidney and liver function
    • Can cause antibiotic resistance or allergic reactions in humans if not used properly
    • Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: works by preventing bacterial cell wall formation

    B-Lactam Drugs

    • Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
    • Examples include:
      • Penicillins
      • Cephalosporins
      • Combined with B-lactamase inhibitors to avoid resistance

    Penicillins

    • Classified into four generations:
      • First-generation: broad spectrum, effective against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms
      • Later generations: narrower spectrum, effective against specific types of bacteria
    • Used to treat various infections, including:
      • Soft tissue infections
      • Urinary tract infections
      • General bacterial infections
    • Cannot easily cross or enter:
      • Blood-brain barrier
      • Eye tissue
      • Prostate gland

    Other Antibiotics

    • Cephalosporins: used for skin and urinary tract infections, infected wounds, and respiratory infections
    • Macrolides: used to treat bacterial infections, including respiratory, skin, and soft tissue infections
    • Aminoglycosides: used to treat gram-negative bacterial infections, including:
      • Gentamicin
      • Neomycin
    • Tetracyclines: used to treat bacterial infections, including:
      • Doxycycline
      • Oxytetracycline
      • Chlortetracycline
    • Lincosamides: used to treat gram-positive anaerobic bacterial infections
    • Sulfonamides: used to treat bacterial infections, including:
      • Sulfamethoxazole
      • Sulfadimethoxine
    • Fluoroquinolones: used to treat bacterial infections, including:
      • Ciprofloxacin
      • Enrofloxacin
      • Orbifloxacin

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