Antibiotic Treatment Guidelines for Community-acquired Infections

Influenza (Flu)

• Caused by orthomyxovirus influenza type A, B, C
• Incubation period: average 2 days, can occur throughout the year in tropical countries
• Symptoms: sore throat, cough, fever, weakness, rhinitis, headache
• Can cause mild to severe illness, sometimes leading to death
• Transmission: airborne
• Management: antipyretic medication, antiviral (oseltamivir phosphate or Tamiflu), Vit C, increased fluid intake, rest, and isolation
• Prevention: use air pollution mask, vaccination, eat healthy and fresh food, exercise regularly, wash hands, get enough rest, and avoid the rain and infected patients

Bronchiolitis

• Inflammation of fine small bronchi and bronchioles
• Caused by adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, and RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)
• Symptoms: sore throat, wheezing, bluish color of skin, difficulty breathing, fever, runny nose, and dry cough
• Assessment: 1 or 2 days of upper respiratory tract infection, sudden nasal flaring, increased respiratory rate, mild fever, leukocytosis, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate
• Management: antipyretics, adequate hydration, and watchful eye for progression to more serious illness; hospitalization for severe cases
• Prevention: anti-RSV immunoglobulin, oxygenation, nebulized bronchodilators, mechanical ventilation, and isolation

Pneumonia

• Inflammatory condition of the lungs where alveoli fill with fluid or blood
• Symptoms: fever, chills, cough, chest pain, muscles aches, fatigue, headache, and shortness of breath
• Diagnosis: chest x-ray, blood tests, sputum culture, pulse oximetry, and chest CT scan
• Treatment: dependent on severity, causative agent, and supportive and symptomatic management
• Management: oxygenation, antipyretics, fluids, and cough suppressants (not recommended)
• Hospitalization: neonates, immunocompromised, and those with chronic diseases

Nursing Management

• Monitor respiratory distress, labored respirations, cyanosis, and cold and clammy skin
• Provide CPT (chest physical therapy), encourage coughing and deep breathing, and use of incentive spirometer
• Position client in semi-fowler position to facilitate breathing and lung expansion
• Change client's position frequently and ambulate as tolerated to mobilize secretions
• Perform nasotracheal suctioning if necessary
• Monitor for signs of pneumonia, such as nasal flaring, inspiratory and expiratory granting, and retractions
• Monitor for complications, such as otitis media, laryngitis, sinusitis, bronchiolitis, and asthma

This quiz covers the antibiotic treatment guidelines for community-acquired infections, focusing on medications like cephalosporins and broad-spectrum macrolides. It also includes recommendations on completing the treatment, post-treatment urinalysis, symptom management, and hydration strategies.