Antibiotic Principles and Beta-Lactams

<p>Piperacillin/Tazobactam (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their spectrum includes parent drug plus activity against beta-lactamase bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta-lactams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Third generation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta-lactam ring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating cell wall synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antipseudomonal penicillins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta-lactams universally cover all Gram-negative organisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tetracyclines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevention of cell wall synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycopeptides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruption of cell wall synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ciprofloxacin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Half-life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephrotoxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narrow spectrum, primarily selective for E. coli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cefazolin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pregnancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resistant to many antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Susceptible to many beta-lactams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>E.faecalis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobic Gram-positive cocci (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The range of bacteria an antibiotic can effectively target (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meropenem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resistance to other agents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Broad-spectrum including highly resistant organisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nosocomial infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase the effectiveness against resistant strains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased effectiveness against Pseudomonas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clavulanate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treatment of infections caused by Enterobacter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thrombocytopenia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No longer available as a single agent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cefazolin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T-cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meropenem-vaborbactam (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Legionella (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enterobacterales (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaerobes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Citrobacter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serratia marcescens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aminoglycosides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can include bacterial strains that are resistant to multiple drug classes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteroides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The time it takes for the antibiotic to be eliminated from the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multidrug resistance (MDR) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific targeting of a single organism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide immediate treatment based on likely pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cillin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patient's past medical history and current health status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The range of bacteria killed or inhibited by the antibiotic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alteration of natural flora leading to secondary infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the target site for beta-lactam antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibiotics effective against a wide range of bacteria.

Selecting the appropriate antibiotic based on the specific infection or likely bacteria.

Harmful side effects of an antibiotic.

Range of bacteria an antibiotic targets.

How an antibiotic is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body.

Harmful side effects of a drug.

Treatment for an infection without knowing the exact pathogen.

Collecting samples from sites suspected to have an infection.

Determining which antibiotics effectively kill certain germs.

Determining the exact type of bacteria causing an infection.

Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have structurally different cell walls, impacting antibiotic susceptibility.

Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by targeting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).

A group of beta-lactam antibiotics, including natural penicillins, antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins, antipseudomonal penicillins, and penicillin + beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations.

A group of beta-lactam antibiotics with different generations, each showing varying properties and effectiveness.

Bacterial enzymes that are crucial for building and maintaining the bacterial cell wall.

Antibiotics that hinder the bacterial process of building their cell walls, ultimately causing bacterial death.

A range of different bacteria that a certain antibiotic can target.

The ability of bacteria to withstand, and not be affected, by a medication.

A class of penicillins that can penetrate the cell walls of Pseudomonas bacteria, unlike aminopenicillins.

An antipseudomonal penicillin combination drug that's commonly used and still available.

Drug combinations of penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors that enhance the spectrum of activity, covering bacteria resistant to penicillins alone, like beta-lactamases producing bacteria.

A penicillin/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination drug, useful against Gram-negative organisms.

A penicillin/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination drug, enhancing effectiveness against some bacteria producing beta-lactamases.

Bacteria classified by cell wall structure, affecting antibiotic susceptibility.

A type of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics, including methicillin.

A type of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that is susceptible to many antibiotics, including methicillin.

MRS stands for 'Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus'.

MSS stands for 'Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus'.

MRSA is resistant to many common antibiotics, including methicillin and other beta-lactams. This limits the number of effective antibiotic options for treating MRSA infections.

Carbapenems are used to treat serious infections, especially those resistant to other antibiotics. Their use is increasing due to growing antibiotic resistance.

These combinations, such as meropenem-vaborbactam and imipenem-relebactam, broaden the spectrum of carbapenem activity to include highly resistant bacteria.

Carbapenems effectively treat various infections like nosocomial infections (hospital-acquired), mixed aerobic/anaerobic infections, and those caused by resistant bacteria.

Carbapenems have a broad spectrum, meaning they can target a wide range of bacteria. They are also notable for their good renal (kidney) elimination.

Aztreonam is like a carbapenem in its effectiveness against a wide variety of bacteria, however, it has a different chemical structure.

The possibility of allergic reactions to one beta-lactam antibiotic extending to other members of the same family, due to shared structural elements.

The likelihood of developing an allergic reaction to one beta-lactam antibiotic after having a reaction to another one. This varies depending on the specific beta-lactams involved.

Penicillins and cephalosporins are both types of beta-lactam antibiotics, however, they differ in their chemical structure and affinity for bacterial enzymes.

Allergic reactions mediated by IgE antibodies, causing immediate reactions like anaphylaxis, angioedema, and bronchospasm.

Delayed allergic reactions mediated by T-cells, resulting in contact hypersensitivity or maculopapular rashes.

Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS). They are often more resistant to antibiotics

Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls. They are often more susceptible to antibiotics

A class of antibiotics that block bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting enzymes called penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). They are effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Enzymes found in bacteria that are crucial for building and maintaining the bacterial cell wall. Beta-lactam antibiotics target these proteins.

Natural penicillins (Penicillin G, Penicillin V), antistaphylococcal penicillins (Methicillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin), aminopenicillins (Ampicillin, Amoxicillin), antipseudomonal penicillins (Piperacillin, Carbenicillin), penicillin + beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations (Augmentin, Unasyn, Zosyn), among others.

Drugs that bind to and inactivate beta-lactamases, which are enzymes produced by bacteria that can break down beta-lactam antibiotics. They protect the antibiotic from being deactivated.

They can be inactivated by bacterial enzymes called beta-lactamases, leading to antibiotic resistance. Some patients experience allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis. They are not active against all bacteria, especially intracellular bacteria.

Sulbactam, clavulanate, tazobactam

Drugs like Tazobactam, Sulbactam, and Clavulanate that block the action of beta-lactamases, enzymes produced by bacteria to break down penicillin antibiotics. This allows the penicillin to work effectively.

These combinations offer a wider spectrum of activity against a greater variety of bacteria, including those resistant to penicillin by producing beta-lactamases. This makes them effective for treating infections caused by a broader range of bacteria.