Questions and Answers
Which of the following are drug profiles for antiparkinson drugs? (Select all that apply)
What characterizes akinesia?
Absence or poverty of movement that results in a masklike facial expression.
What are the classic symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
Bradykinesia, postural instability, rigidity, and tremors.
Dopamine is an ______ neurotransmitter.
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Acetylcholine is an ______ neurotransmitter.
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The wearing-off phenomenon refers to a sudden improvement in parkinsonian symptoms.
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What causes the imbalance of acetylcholine and dopamine in Parkinson's disease?
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Men are more likely to be affected by Parkinson's disease than women.
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What is the on-off phenomenon in Parkinson's disease?
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What is needed in the brain to regulate proper posture, muscle tone, and voluntary movement?
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What condition is characterized by involuntary, purposeless rapid motions?
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Study Notes
Drug Profiles
- Amantadine, benztropine mesylate, bromocriptine, carbidopa-levodopa, entacapone, ropinirole, rasagiline, and selegiline are key antiparkinson medications.
Objectives
- Understanding the role of acetylcholine and dopamine in the brain is crucial for managing Parkinson's disease.
- Parkinson's disease involves a unique pathophysiology characterized by dopamine deficiency.
- Various classes of medications exist for Parkinson's management, each with distinct mechanisms and side effects.
- Nursing care plans must encompass all phases of patient care for effective management of antiparkinson drugs.
Adjunctive Drugs
- Adjunctive drugs enhance therapy when combined with primary drugs, offering either additive or independent effects.
Akinesia
- Defined as the loss of movement, leading to characteristics such as a masklike facial expression and impaired postural reflexes.
Chorea
- Involves involuntary, rapid movements like finger flexing and shoulder lifting, presenting as purposeless motions.
Dyskinesia
- Refers to abnormal involuntary movements and loss of control over motor functions.
Dystonia
- Characterized by distorted voluntary movements affecting areas like the head, neck, or feet.
On-Off Phenomenon
- Patients frequently experience alternating periods of symptom control ("on" time) and lesser control ("off" time) with Parkinson's treatment.
Parkinson's Disease
- A progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by resting tremors, masklike facial expression, shuffling gait, and muscle rigidity.
Presynaptic Drugs
- These are antiparkinson medications that exert effects before reaching the nerve synapse.
Rigidity
- Defined as muscle resistance to passive movement, resulting in a specific "cogwheel" rigidity often seen in Parkinson's patients.
TRAP
- A mnemonic summarizing the classic symptoms: Tremor, Rigidity, Akinesia, Postural instability.
Tremor
- Characterized by shakiness, especially noticeable in the extremities during rest.
Wearing-Off Phenomenon
- Patients may experience a gradual increase in parkinsonian symptoms as medication effectiveness diminishes, even at maximum doses.
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease
- The disease results from a dopamine deficit in the substantia nigra, located within the basal ganglia, which is crucial for motor control.
Extrapyramidal System
- This system is involved in motor function, muscle tone, posture, and smooth muscle activity, heavily influenced by dopamine.
Lower Neuron Motor Movements
- The thalamus acts as a relay for brain impulses, while the cerebellum coordinates muscle movements.
Key Neurotransmitters
- Dopamine functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, whereas acetylcholine acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter, both essential for motor regulation.
Imbalance Causes
- The imbalance between acetylcholine and dopamine in Parkinson's is primarily due to the failure of substantia nigra nerve terminals to produce sufficient dopamine.
Dopamine's Role
- Acts within the basal ganglia to control movements, and its destruction leads to depletion and unopposed cholinergic activity.
Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are the two most common neurodegenerative conditions.
Facts About Parkinson's Disease
- Onset typically occurs between ages 45 to 65, and incidence rates are expected to rise with an aging population.
- There is a 2% lifetime risk of developing the disease, with a higher prevalence in men (3:2 ratio).
Classic Symptoms
- Key symptoms include bradykinesia, postural instability, rigidity, and tremors, frequently used for diagnosis.
Mnemonic: TRAP
- A valuable tool to remember the major symptoms of Parkinson's disease: Tremor, Rigidity, Akinesia, Postural instability.
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Description
Explore key concepts related to anti-Parkinson drugs in Chapter 15. This quiz will help you understand various drug profiles and their roles in managing Parkinson's disease. Additionally, you'll learn about the impact of key neurotransmitters and the underlying pathophysiology of the condition.
