50 Questions
Which of the following is a genetic cause of Parkinsonism?
Genetic mutation of a-synuclein and parkin genes
What is the mechanism by which Manganese Poisoning leads to Parkinsonism?
Interferes with enzyme systems, oxidizes DA
Which form of Parkinsonism is caused by infarcts in the region of the putamen?
Arteriosclerotic
Which form of Parkinsonism is associated with slow progressive deterioration and development of Parkinson symptoms?
Post encephalitic
Which compound, when enzymatically reacted with MAOb, forms superoxides breaking down to MPP+ and causes Parkinsonism?
MPTP
Which drug is a precursor of dopamine and can alleviate Parkinsonism?
L-DOPA
What is the role of carbidopa in the treatment of Parkinsonism?
Inhibits decarboxylase activity in the periphery
Which drug combination, using generic drug names is commonly used to treat Parkinsonism?
L-DOPA and carbidopa
Which enzyme does ENTACAPONE inhibit?
COMT
What is the main action of ENTACAPONE?
Prolongs l-dopa action
Which drug can be hepatotoxic?
TOLCAPONE
Which enzyme does TOLCAPONE inhibit?
Catechol-O-methyltransferase
What is the main action of AMANTADINE in the treatment of Parkinsonism?
Enhancement of dopamine release
Which drug is a D2 agonist and has a longer duration of action than l-dopa?
Bromocriptine
Which drug has affinity for D3 receptors and can be used as monotherapy for mild Parkinsonism cases?
Pramipexole
Which drug is a D1 and D2 agonist, more potent than bromocriptine, and has a longer duration of action than l-dopa?
Pergolide
Which drug is a D2 agonist and is used for patients with mild symptoms to reduce fluctuations in response to l-dopa treatment?
Ropinirole
Which of the following is a toxic side effect of l-dopa?
Nausea and vomiting
What is the main cause of orthostatic hypotension in l-dopa treatment?
Reduced blood pressure when standing up
What is the treatment for dyskinesia (chorea) caused by l-dopa overdose?
Reduce the amount of l-dopa
What is the cause of mental effects such as agitation and insomnia in l-dopa treatment?
Excess levels of dopamine in the CNS
Which of the following is a long-term complication of Levodopa treatment?
Dyskinesias
Which phenomenon refers to the end-of-dose deterioration in motor performance?
Wearing off
What is the cause of the 'on-off' phenomenon in Levodopa treatment?
Change to phasic dopaminergic transmission
Which enzyme breaks down NE and 5-HT in the CNS in the central nervous system?
MAOa
Which drug blocks dopamine receptors and can decrease dopamine activity by depleting stores of central dopamine?
Reserpine
Which vitamin can reduce the effectiveness of l-dopa?
Vitamin B6
Which drug interferes with the absorption of l-dopa from the gut?
High Protein Meal
Which drug inhibits decarboxylase activity primarily in the periphery, leading to a longer duration of action than carbidopa?
Benserazide
Which drug is used as a supplement prior to L-DOPA treatment to increase DA activity by inhibiting MAO-B activity? Generic names only!!
Selegiline
Which drug is a precursor of dopamine and crosses the Blood Brain Barrier?
L-DOPA
Which drug is an anti-cholinergic drug used to alleviate Parkinsonism symptoms?
Benzatropine
Which drug is a histamine (H1) blocker and is used to alleviate Parkinsonism symptoms?
Benztropine
Which drug is a synthetic drug and is used to alleviate Parkinsonism symptoms?
Trihexyphenidyl
Which class of drugs blocks dopamine receptors?
Haloperidol and phenothiazines
Which drugs deplete brain monoamines from storage sites?
Reserpine and tetrabenazine
Which enzyme breaks down dopamine in the brain?
MAOb
Which class of drugs blocks dopamine receptors?
Antipsychotics
Which enzyme breaks down dopamine in the brain?
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
Which of the following is an adverse effect of anticholinergic drugs?
Increased intraocular pressure
Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of anticholinergic drugs?
Increased heart rate
Which drug is a neurotoxin selectively toxic to the substantia nigra cells, causing almost all symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
MPTP
Which nutrient has been shown to relieve an average of 70% of Parkinson's disease symptoms?
L-tyrosine
Which therapeutic approach for Parkinson's disease involves the implantation of stem cells genetically engineered to produce dopamine?
Gene therapy
Which surgical therapy for Parkinson's disease is permanent? It lessens motor functions
Pallidotomy
Which surgical therapy for Parkinson's disease has a higher technical difficulty?
Pallidal stimulator
Which therapeutic approach for Parkinson's disease has shown unsatisfactory initial results?
Gene therapy
Which type of agents could protect neurons from cell death and result in a slower progression of Parkinson's disease?
All of the above
Which surgical therapy for Parkinson's disease has a greater effect on reducing tremor but less effect on motor fluctuations?
Thalamotomy
Which nutrient has been shown to relieve between 10-60% of Parkinson's disease symptoms?
Ferrous iron
Test your knowledge on different forms of Parkinsonism or Parkinson-like symptoms. Learn about the causes, including the sporadic or idiopathic form, genetic mutations, and iatrogenic causes induced by certain medications. Explore the degeneration of cells in the pigmented nuclei of the central nervous system and the onset patterns.
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