Questions and Answers
What are the 4 categories of anti-inflammatory drugs?
What is the difference between inflammation and infection?
Inflammation is a normal reaction of tissues to injury, while infection is caused by invading microorganisms.
What is inflammation?
A non-specific response elicited by various stimuli, providing short-term protection.
List the observable symptoms of inflammation.
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What are the stages of the inflammatory response?
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What is the function of anti-inflammatory drugs?
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What are corticosteroids?
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Corticosteroids function to prevent or limit inflammation by ______.
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What are the intended responses of corticosteroids?
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What are the side effects of corticosteroids?
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What are the adverse effects of corticosteroids?
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What should be checked before and after corticosteroid administration?
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What is the main difference between COX-1 and COX-2?
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What are the two main categories of cyclooxygenase inhibitors?
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What is the function of NSAIDs?
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What are the intended responses when using NSAIDs?
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What are some side effects and adverse effects of NSAIDs?
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What are the uses of aspirin?
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What are the adverse effects of aspirin?
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What drug interactions are important with aspirin?
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Study Notes
Categories of Anti-inflammatory Drugs
- Four main categories: Corticosteroids, NSAIDs, Anti-histamines, Leukotriene inhibitors
Inflammation vs. Infection
- Inflammation is a normal response of tissues and blood vessels to injury or invasion (e.g., sports injuries, pollen)
- Infection occurs when microorganisms disturb the normal environment and usually causes inflammation
What is Inflammation?
- Non-specific bodily response initiated by infectious agents, ischemia, or physical injury
- Provides immediate but temporary protection
Observable Symptoms of Inflammation
- Key symptoms include pain, swelling, heat, loss of function, and redness
Stages of Inflammatory Response
- Initial stage involves white blood cells (WBC) and changes in blood vessels, leading to swelling
- Increased WBC production and exudate (fluid leakage) in the second stage
- Final stage includes rapid cell division, new blood vessel growth, and scar tissue formation
Function of Anti-inflammatory Drugs
- Aim to prevent or limit responses to injury or invasion, enhancing comfort and minimizing tissue damage
Corticosteroids
- Most potent anti-inflammatory drugs but can mask symptoms; careful monitoring required
- If rapid onset is not achieved, consider using an alternative agent
Corticosteroids Function, Forms, and Routes
- Work by reducing all pathways of inflammatory mediator production
- Administered through various routes: oral, parenteral, inhalation, topical, joint injection, rectal, or eye drops
Intended Response of Corticosteroids
- Reduce redness, pain, and swelling at the inflammation site; improve affected area functionality
Side Effects of Corticosteroids
- Short term: hypertension, insomnia, acne, increased blood glucose levels
- Long term: adrenal gland suppression, poorer immune function, delayed wound healing, "Cushingoid" appearance
Adverse Effects of Corticosteroids
- Potential adrenal gland atrophy, infection masking, and delayed wound healing with altered infection symptoms
Corticosteroid Administration
- Pre-administration checks: confirm dosage, drug name, method of administration, assess for signs of infection, and monitor BP and weight
- Post-administration monitoring includes checking vital signs and weekly weight tracking
- Patient education includes the importance of not discontinuing abruptly, taking the drug with food, and avoiding crowded places
NSAIDs: Cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 vs. COX 2
- COX 1 promotes beneficial effects like protecting the gastrointestinal tract and maintaining renal function
- COX 2 is associated with harmful responses such as pain and inflammation
Classification of Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
- Two categories:
- Drugs with anti-inflammatory properties (NSAIDs including aspirin and selective COX inhibitors like celecoxib)
- Drugs without anti-inflammatory properties (e.g., acetaminophen)
Function of NSAIDs
- Limit tissue and blood vessel responses to injury by inhibiting inflammatory mediator production via COX action
Intended Responses of NSAIDs
- Aim to reduce redness, pain, swelling, and fever while enhancing function at the inflammation site
Side and Adverse Effects of NSAIDs
- Common side effects include bleeding, GI ulcers, pain, fluid retention, and hypertension
- Adverse effects can lead to potential kidney damage or allergic reactions
Aspirin Uses
- Nonselective COX inhibitor known for analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties
- Uses include suppression of platelet aggregation, management of dysmenorrhea, cancer prevention, and potential Alzheimer's prevention
Aspirin Adverse Effects
- Can cause GI bleeding, renal impairment, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and Reye's syndrome
- Signs of aspirin toxicity include nausea and ringing in the ears
Aspirin Drug Interactions
- Increased bleeding risk with warfarin, glucocorticoids, alcohol, and ibuprofen
Non-Aspirin First Generation NSAIDs
- Similar to aspirin in inhibiting COX 1 and COX 2 but lead to reversible inhibition effects
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Description
Explore important concepts in Chapter 8 about anti-inflammatory drugs with these flashcards. Learn to distinguish between inflammation and infection, and familiarize yourself with the four categories of anti-inflammatory medications. This quiz is perfect for students studying pharmacology or medicine.
