Anti-Infective Drugs and Antibiotics

<p>Shelf life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting the growth of microbes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zones of inhibition around the discs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quinolone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To isolate test organisms from the sample (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incubate for 24–48 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Media without any prior microbial contamination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic mutation in the DNA of the bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resistance passed from mother bacteria to daughter bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are small DNA fragments shared among bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reduce the diversity of commensal bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More resistant bacteria survive and replicate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediate recovery of bacterial diversity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concentration at which a bacterium can survive and replicate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased development of antibiotic-resistant strains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria, whereas bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit their growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They work only on either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The antibiotic must be taken in a pill form. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can work on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is essential for ultimately defeating the organism after growth is inhibited. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates the sensitivity of the organism to the antimicrobial drug. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased bacterial resistance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It temporarily inhibits growth, allowing the immune system to take over. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is sensitive to the drug. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aminoglycosides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are resistant to the drug. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patient's kidney function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of drugs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures the drug reaches the targeted bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting protein synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vancomycin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quinolones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythromycin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of PABA synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Actinomycin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytoplasmic membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rifampin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tetracycline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymyxins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microbes.

A substance produced by one microorganism to inhibit or destroy others.

Ways antibiotics work to kill or inhibit microbes.

The ability of microorganisms to withstand the effects of antibiotics.

The period required for a drug to leave the body after its last dose.

Areas around antimicrobial discs where bacteria can't grow, showing susceptibility.

Introduce a liquid culture of microorganisms onto a growth medium.

Substances that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

The time during which the inoculated media is kept at optimal conditions for growth (24-48 hours).

The ability of bacteria to be inhibited or killed by antimicrobial agents.

The range of bacteria that an antibiotic can effectively target.

Antibiotics that kill bacteria directly, rather than just inhibiting growth.

Antibiotics that temporarily inhibit the growth of bacteria but do not kill them directly.

Antibiotics effective against either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria, but not both.

Antibiotics that work on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

The ability of a microorganism to be affected by a particular antimicrobial drug.

A lab test to determine if bacteria are susceptible to antibiotics and which one is most effective.

Determined by organism susceptibility, drug penetration, and patient tolerance.

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; lowest drug concentration that inhibits bacterial growth.

A method to determine the MIC of antimicrobials using broth cultures.

Antibiotics that are effective based on the duration of time in the target concentration.

Antibiotics that are effective based on achieving a certain concentration level.

Highest drug concentration a host can tolerate without serious side effects.

When a bacterial strain's MIC is low enough to not produce significant side effects.

When a strain's MIC exceeds the drug's MTD, leading to ineffectiveness.

The ability of a drug to reach the target tissue where infection occurs.

Ways bacteria develop survival capabilities against antibiotics.

Passing resistance through generations by genetic mutation.

Transfer of resistance between unrelated bacteria via R plasmids.

A piece of DNA that carries antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria.

The environmental factors that favor resistant bacteria over non-resistant ones.

The lowest concentration of antibiotic that prevents bacterial growth.

Random changes in bacterial DNA that can lead to resistance.

The variety of beneficial bacteria that can be reduced by antibiotics.

Interfering with the development of the microbial cell wall.

Damaging the cell membrane in static or mature microbial populations.

Blocking the process that cells use to create proteins.

Preventing the production of DNA and RNA in microbes.

Interfering with essential metabolic processes of microbes.

A class of antibiotics that inhibit DNA gyrase.

Antibiotics that target the 50S subunit of ribosomes to block protein synthesis.

Antibiotics that inhibit the 30S subunit of ribosomes.

A class of antibiotics that disrupt the bacterial cell membrane.

Targeting the synthesis of folic acid in microbes, disrupting their growth.