Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of toxicology?
What is the main focus of toxicology?
What differentiates a poison from a remedy?
What differentiates a poison from a remedy?
What do toxicants refer to in toxicology?
What do toxicants refer to in toxicology?
Which term is used to describe poisonous substances produced within living cells or organisms?
Which term is used to describe poisonous substances produced within living cells or organisms?
Signup and view all the answers
What does toxicokinetics study in toxicology?
What does toxicokinetics study in toxicology?
Signup and view all the answers
Which best describes how a toxic substance can be harmful according to toxicology?
Which best describes how a toxic substance can be harmful according to toxicology?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the plant source of cocaine, which is considered a Schedule II drug with high abuse potential?
What is the name of the plant source of cocaine, which is considered a Schedule II drug with high abuse potential?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of toxic action refers to the harmful effects starting wherever the poison contacts the biological system?
Which type of toxic action refers to the harmful effects starting wherever the poison contacts the biological system?
Signup and view all the answers
What term is used in toxicology to refer to the dose that is toxic but not necessarily lethal?
What term is used in toxicology to refer to the dose that is toxic but not necessarily lethal?
Signup and view all the answers
When does chronic toxicity manifest according to the text?
When does chronic toxicity manifest according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
Which animals are mentioned as potential sources of toxins in the text?
Which animals are mentioned as potential sources of toxins in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the duration of exposure for sub-acute toxicity according to the text?
What is the duration of exposure for sub-acute toxicity according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between TD50 and LD50?
What is the relationship between TD50 and LD50?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is used to calculate the Chronicity Index?
Which factor is used to calculate the Chronicity Index?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of toxic mechanism involves the poison interacting with biological activity within a biological system?
What type of toxic mechanism involves the poison interacting with biological activity within a biological system?
Signup and view all the answers
How are toxic agents classified based on their effects?
How are toxic agents classified based on their effects?
Signup and view all the answers
What factor related to the poison affects its action?
What factor related to the poison affects its action?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of toxic agent classification is 'Amine'?
What type of toxic agent classification is 'Amine'?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Introduction to Toxicology
- The study of toxicology dates back to Paracelsus (1493-1541) who stated "All substances are poisons, there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy."
What is Toxicology?
- Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.
- It involves understanding the actions, adverse effects, and treatment of conditions produced by poisons.
- Toxicology encompasses household, environmental, industrial, and pharmacological substances or drugs.
Key Terms in Toxicology
- Toxicants: toxic substances from chemicals.
- Toxins: poisonous substances produced within living cells or organisms, e.g., venom.
- Toxicokinetics: the study of factors affecting the concentration of a toxic substance at its site of action.
- Toxicodynamics: the actions and mechanisms of action of toxins.
Sources of Toxicology
- Chemical sources: drugs and exposure to corrosive substances.
- Plant sources: cocaine, a Schedule II drug, isolated from the coca plant.
- Animal sources: venomous animals like scorpions, spiders, snakes, and wasps.
Sites of Toxic Actions
- Local (non-specific): wherever the poison contacts the biological system, it starts its harmful effects.
- Remote (systemic): the poison affects a system far from its portal of entry.
- Local & Remote: the poison has the capacity to act both locally and systemically.
Duration and Frequency of Exposure
- Acute: single or short-term (less than a day) dosing of a substance to cause toxicity.
- Sub-acute: toxicity expressed after repeated applications for a duration less than half of the organism's life expectancy.
- Chronic: expression of toxic symptoms only after repeated exposure to a chemical in doses regularly applied to the organism for a time greater than half of its life expectancy.
Measurements in Toxicology
- LD50: median lethal dose.
- TD50: median toxic dose.
- ED50: median effective dose.
- Chronicity Index: the ratio of the acute to chronic LD50 dosage.
Types of Toxic Mechanisms
- Direct: the poison itself causes toxic effects, as in corrosives.
- Indirect: toxicity results from the interaction of the poison with biological activities within the biological system.
Classification of Toxic Agents
- According to target organ affected (hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic).
- According to use (food additive, drug, pesticide).
- According to source (animal or plant).
- According to effects (carcinogen, mutagen).
- According to physical state (gas, liquid).
- According to chemistry (amine, hydrocarbon).
- According to poisoning potentiality (extremely toxic, slight toxic, etc).
- According to biochemical mechanism of action (alkylating agent, AchE inhibitor).
Factors Affecting Action of Poison
- Factors related to the poison:
- Dose: a basic principle in toxicology, referring to the amount of chemical that comes into contact with the body or gets inside the body.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Learn about toxicology and how the body reacts to toxic substances, as well as the journey of drugs through the body (pharmacokinetics). Explore the importance of anti-doping measures in sports and how they relate to toxicology principles.