Anti-Doping in Sports: Introduction to Toxicology
18 Questions
20 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of toxicology?

  • Studying the effects of chemicals on living organisms (correct)
  • Preparing biological samples for analysis
  • Analyzing the absorption of drugs in the body
  • Identifying biological samples in drug testing
  • What differentiates a poison from a remedy?

  • The right dose of the substance (correct)
  • The texture of the substance
  • The color of the substance
  • The source of the substance
  • What do toxicants refer to in toxicology?

  • Poisonous substances produced within living cells
  • Toxic substances from chemicals (correct)
  • Substances that disturb normal physiological homeostasis
  • Factors affecting the concentration of a toxic substance
  • Which term is used to describe poisonous substances produced within living cells or organisms?

    <p>Toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does toxicokinetics study in toxicology?

    <p>Factors affecting the concentration of a toxic substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes how a toxic substance can be harmful according to toxicology?

    <p>By disturbing the body's normal balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the plant source of cocaine, which is considered a Schedule II drug with high abuse potential?

    <p>Coca plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of toxic action refers to the harmful effects starting wherever the poison contacts the biological system?

    <p>Local (non-specific) action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used in toxicology to refer to the dose that is toxic but not necessarily lethal?

    <p>TD50 median toxic dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does chronic toxicity manifest according to the text?

    <p>After repeated exposure for a time greater than half its life expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animals are mentioned as potential sources of toxins in the text?

    <p>Scorpions and snakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of exposure for sub-acute toxicity according to the text?

    <p>Repeated applications for a duration less than half its life expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between TD50 and LD50?

    <p>TD50 is usually lower than LD50.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is used to calculate the Chronicity Index?

    <p>Ratio of acute to chronic LD50 dosage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of toxic mechanism involves the poison interacting with biological activity within a biological system?

    <p>Direct toxic mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are toxic agents classified based on their effects?

    <p>Based on their effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor related to the poison affects its action?

    <p>Dose of the poison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of toxic agent classification is 'Amine'?

    <p>According to their chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Toxicology

    • The study of toxicology dates back to Paracelsus (1493-1541) who stated "All substances are poisons, there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy."

    What is Toxicology?

    • Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.
    • It involves understanding the actions, adverse effects, and treatment of conditions produced by poisons.
    • Toxicology encompasses household, environmental, industrial, and pharmacological substances or drugs.

    Key Terms in Toxicology

    • Toxicants: toxic substances from chemicals.
    • Toxins: poisonous substances produced within living cells or organisms, e.g., venom.
    • Toxicokinetics: the study of factors affecting the concentration of a toxic substance at its site of action.
    • Toxicodynamics: the actions and mechanisms of action of toxins.

    Sources of Toxicology

    • Chemical sources: drugs and exposure to corrosive substances.
    • Plant sources: cocaine, a Schedule II drug, isolated from the coca plant.
    • Animal sources: venomous animals like scorpions, spiders, snakes, and wasps.

    Sites of Toxic Actions

    • Local (non-specific): wherever the poison contacts the biological system, it starts its harmful effects.
    • Remote (systemic): the poison affects a system far from its portal of entry.
    • Local & Remote: the poison has the capacity to act both locally and systemically.

    Duration and Frequency of Exposure

    • Acute: single or short-term (less than a day) dosing of a substance to cause toxicity.
    • Sub-acute: toxicity expressed after repeated applications for a duration less than half of the organism's life expectancy.
    • Chronic: expression of toxic symptoms only after repeated exposure to a chemical in doses regularly applied to the organism for a time greater than half of its life expectancy.

    Measurements in Toxicology

    • LD50: median lethal dose.
    • TD50: median toxic dose.
    • ED50: median effective dose.
    • Chronicity Index: the ratio of the acute to chronic LD50 dosage.

    Types of Toxic Mechanisms

    • Direct: the poison itself causes toxic effects, as in corrosives.
    • Indirect: toxicity results from the interaction of the poison with biological activities within the biological system.

    Classification of Toxic Agents

    • According to target organ affected (hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic).
    • According to use (food additive, drug, pesticide).
    • According to source (animal or plant).
    • According to effects (carcinogen, mutagen).
    • According to physical state (gas, liquid).
    • According to chemistry (amine, hydrocarbon).
    • According to poisoning potentiality (extremely toxic, slight toxic, etc).
    • According to biochemical mechanism of action (alkylating agent, AchE inhibitor).

    Factors Affecting Action of Poison

    • Factors related to the poison:
      • Dose: a basic principle in toxicology, referring to the amount of chemical that comes into contact with the body or gets inside the body.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Learn about toxicology and how the body reacts to toxic substances, as well as the journey of drugs through the body (pharmacokinetics). Explore the importance of anti-doping measures in sports and how they relate to toxicology principles.

    More Like This

    Emetics and Anti-Emetics in Medicine
    12 questions
    Toxicology Flashcards Chapter 21
    23 questions

    Toxicology Flashcards Chapter 21

    ManeuverableForgetMeNot2590 avatar
    ManeuverableForgetMeNot2590
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser