Neuropharmacology
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the mechanisms by which medications for seizures operate?

  • Promoting Na+ exit from the cell (correct)
  • Increasing Na+ entry into the cell
  • Stimulating excessive release of GABA
  • Enhancing glutamate release

    • Which of the following is a common side effect associated with seizure medications?

  • Heightened coordination
  • Increased alertness
  • Enhanced motor skills
  • Nystagmus (correct)

    • What primary condition do anticonvulsant medications aim to treat?

  • Chronic pain
  • Seizures (correct)
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Hypertension

    • What is the general mechanism through which sedatives and hypnotics operate?

    <p>Decreasing neurotransmission from the thalamus and cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is NOT classified under medications for seizures?

    <p>Ibuprofen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic quality of a cluster headache?

    <p>Deeper burning quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is described by low blood pressure upon standing, often causing dizziness?

    <p>Orthostatic hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a listed side effect of adrenergic beta blocking agents?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is an example of a beta adrenergic blocking agent?

    <p>Esmolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true regarding the mechanisms of central nervous system stimulants?

    <p>Their exact mechanism is unknown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism through which most neuropharmacological agents exert their effects?

    <p>Altering synaptic transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of nonselective inhibition of axonal conduction?

    <p>Uniform effects across all nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do local anesthetics primarily achieve their effect?

    <p>By decreasing axonal conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common amino amide local anesthetic?

    <p>Procaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of effects do drugs that alter axonal conduction typically produce?

    <p>Widespread effects affecting all nerves in reach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of local anesthetics?

    <p>They only provide temporary relief.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Local anesthetics can lead to the loss of which sensory perception after application?

    <p>Pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the conduction of impulses along the axon relatively uniform across all neurons?

    <p>The process of impulse conduction is similar for all neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the brain's inability to regulate sleep-wake patterns, leading to excessive daytime sleepiness?

    <p>Narcolepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter's release is stimulated by certain agents to increase nerve impulse transmission?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a commonly recognized side effect of certain stimulant medications?

    <p>Drowsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe the condition often associated with kids exhibiting hyperactive behaviors?

    <p>Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication example is classified as a stimulant used primarily for narcolepsy and attention-deficit disorder?

    <p>Dextroamphetamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which non-opioid analgesics alleviate pain?

    <p>Inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following side effects is NOT commonly associated with non-opioid analgesics?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is classified as a narcotic antagonist?

    <p>Naloxone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do prostaglandins have on the body?

    <p>Cause inflammation and pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What class of medications is primarily indicated for fever reduction?

    <p>Anti-pyretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is involved in peripheral vasodilation?

    <p>Widening of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option describes the role of the thermoregulatory center in the human body?

    <p>Controls body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an indication for narcotic antagonists?

    <p>Control pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anti-Convulsants

    • Anti-convulsants are drugs that are used to treat seizures

    Anti-Convulsant Mechanisms

    • Promote Na+ exit from the cell
    • Inhibit Na+ from entering the cell
    • Increase the inhibitory effect of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
    • Prevent the release of glutamate and aspartate
    • Decrease acetylcholine released by the nerve impulses

    Anti-Convulsant Side Effects

    • Nystagmus
    • Drowsiness
    • Hypotension
    • Respiratory Depression

    Anti-Convulsant Examples

    • Hydantoins (ethtoin, felbamate, phenytoin)
    • Barbiturates (phenobarbital, mephobarbital, primidone)
    • Benzodiazepines (clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam)

    ### Sedatives and Hypnotics

    • Decrease the amount of neurotransmissions from the thalamus and the cortex of the brain

    ### Sedatives and Hypnotics Indications

    • Sedation
    • Insomnia
    • Treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms

    ### Common Acting Mechanisms for Neuropharmacological Agents

    • Influence the process under neuronal control
    • Alter one of the two basic neuronal activities:
      • synaptic transmission
      • axonal conduction

    Drugs that Alter Axonal Conduction

    • Nonselective inhibition of axonal conduction
    • Suppress transmission in any nerve of access
    • Cannot produce selective effects
    • Affect conduction in all nerves of access

    Drugs that Alter Axonal Conduction - Local Anesthetics

    • Local anesthetics stop the nerves in part of the body from sending signals to the brain
    • Unable to feel pain after application of local anaesthetic
    • May still feel some pressure or movement
    • Work by decreasing axonal conduction
    • Nonselective inhibition of axonal conduction
    • Suppress transmission in any nerve they reach

    Drugs Used as Local Anesthetics

    • Amino amides
    • Commonly used includes bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, and ropivacaine

    Narcotic Antagonists

    • Reverse toxicity associated with overdose of opioid agonist analgesics
    • Prevent relapse among patients who are dependent on opioid agonist analgesics

    Analgesics Non-Opioid Analgesics

    • Three major classes
      • Salicylates (aspirin)
      • Para-aminophenal (Tylenol)
      • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS, e.g., Ibuprofen)
    • All inhibit prostaglandin synthesis which may increase the body’s response to pain
    • Exhibit an anti-pyretic effect by either peripheral vasodilation or by acting on the thermoregulatory center

    Analgesics Non-Opioid Analgesics Indications

    • Pain
    • Fever

    Analgesics Non-Opioid Analgesics Side Effects

    • GI problems
    • Headache
    • Dizziness

    Analgesics Non-Opioid Analgesics Examples

    • Aspirin
    • Acetaminophen
    • Ibuprofen
    • Naproxen sodium

    Prostaglandins

    • Hormone-like substances affecting several bodily functions, including inflammation, pain, and uterine contractions

    Anti-Pyretic Effects

    • Class of medicines used to reduce fever

    Peripheral Vasodilation

    • Act on the most distal parts of the vascular system
    • Dilate the blood vessels such as arterioles and venules
    • Lower the blood pressure
    • Ease the heart for pumping blood through these peripheral blood vessels

    Thermoregulatory Center

    • The human body’s thermostat
    • The hypothalamic thermoregulatory center
    • Located in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus

    Vascular Headache

    • Pain with throbbing and pulsatile in nature
    • Pain intensity often described as intense
    • Cluster headache with a deeper burning quality

    Orthostatic Hypotension

    • Postural hypotension
    • Form of low blood pressure happening when standing after sitting or lying down
    • May cause dizziness or lightheadedness and possibly fainting

    Adrenergic Beta Adrenergic Blocking Agents

    • Blocks or displaces the agent from the receptor sites

    Adrenergic Beta Adrenergic Blocking Agents Indications

    • Hypertension
    • Angina
    • Glaucoma

    Adrenergic Beta Adrenergic Blocking Agents Side Effects

    • Arrhythmias
    • Bradycardia
    • Bronchospasm
    • Nausea and Vomiting

    Adrenergic Beta Adrenergic Blocking Agents Examples

    • Acebutolol
    • Atenolol
    • Esmolol
    • Labetalol
    • Metoprolol
    • Pindalol

    Central Nervous System Stimulants

    • Exact mechanism is unknown
    • Believed to stimulate the release of norepinephrine leading to an increase in nerve impulse transmission from cell to cell

    Central Nervous System Stimulants Indications

    • Narcolepsy
    • Attention Deficit Disorder

    Central Nervous System Stimulants Side Effects

    • Nervousness
    • Tremors
    • Irritability
    • Hypotension
    • Arrhythmias

    Central Nervous System Stimulants Examples

    • Dextroamphetamines
    • Doxapram
    • Methylphendiate hydrochloride
    • Pemoline

    Narcolepsy

    • A rare long-term brain condition
    • May prevent the people from choosing when to sleep or wake
    • The brain is unable to regulate sleeping and waking patterns
    • May lead to excessive daytime sleepiness

    Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

    • Common for kids with hyperactive behaviors

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    Related Documents

    Principles Of Neuropharmacology PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of anti-convulsants and sedatives in this quiz. Learn about their mechanisms, side effects, and examples of commonly used drugs. Understand how these neuropharmacological agents work and their indications in clinical practice.

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