Anthropometry Techniques

Unit 1: Osteology

• Osteology studies bones
• The skeleton gives the human body its shape and has a longitudinal vertebral bony axis
• The bony axis is segmented for movement flexibility
• Movement can be swinging, lifting, pivoting, grasping, flexing etc
• The skull completes the cranial end of the flexible axis
• The skeleton helps muscles produce movement, individual bones vary in shape categorized as long, short, flat or irregular
• Bones are coat pegs for muscles, resist stressful forces from muscle contraction
• Bones are vital, dynamic, constantly changing tissue, plentifully supplied with blood

Divisions of the Skeleton

• Consists of the axial division, including head, neck, and trunk bones
• Consists of the appendicular division, including extremity or appendage bones
• The axial is the main support, and the appendicular provides a movable frame for limbs

Vertebral Column

• The vertebral column provides flexible trunk support and spinal cord protection
• The vertebral column has 33 vertebrae but comprises 26 distinct bones
• The vertebral column is segmented into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions
• There are 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 sacral vertebrae, 4 coccygeal vertebrae
• The 5 sacral vertebrae are fused, as are the 4 coccygeal vertebrae
• There are 26 vertebrae rather than 33 if fused vertebrae are counted as one bone
• A vertebra has an anterior solid vertebral body and the neural arch
• The vertebral body bears most of the weight, while the neural arch contributes to spinal cord housing
• Vertebrae size and structure varies by region
• Lumbar vertebrae bodies are larger than cervical vertebrae bodies
• The larger lumbar vertebrae reflect more body mass support
• Vertebrae use facets on the neural arches (synovial joint) to articulate
• Intervertebral discs (cartilaginous joints) also connect the vertebrae body
• Intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers and allow slight column movement
• A well-aligned vertebral column has cervical, thoracic, and lumbar curves
• Abnormal curvature can be structural or functional/muscular
• Scoliosis is abnormal lateral curvature
• Kyphosis, or "hump back,” is an exaggerated posterior thoracic curve
• Lordosis, or “sway back,” is an exaggerated anterior lumbar curve

Distribution of Bones

• Axial skeleton includes cranium, face, auditory ossicles, hyoid (throat), vertebrae, sternum, and ribs, for a total of 80 bones
• Appendicular skeleton includes shoulder girdle, arms & hands, pelvic girdle, and legs & feet, for a total of 126 bones
• The combined total of bones equals 206 bones

Main Functions of the Skeletal System

• Body movement that provides attachment points for muscles for leverage
• Support a rigid framework attached to softer tissues/organs
• Protection protects internal organs like the brain, heart, and lungs
• Mineral storage for calcium and phosphorus
• Blood cell formation in red bone marrow, which produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Bone Structure

• Epiphysis is the long bone end, largely cancellous bone covered with articular cartilage
• Diaphysis is a long bone shaft, consisting of compact bone and a central cavity, or marrow
• Articular cartilage is the epiphyses region that provides joint bone physical contact at cartilaginous ends
• Periosteum is a fibrous sheath covering bone, but not articular coverage
• Cancellous (spongy) bone (red marrow) consists of developing blood cells supported by fibers found in the epiphysis
• Compact bone is ivory-like bone in the diaphysis and nutrient blood reaches bone cells via Haversian canals
• Medullary cavity (yellow marrow) is central cavity of diaphysis and blood cell production ceases after childhood, containing fat

Classification of Bones

• Bones are generally grouped into four shape categories
• Long bones are mostly in the upper and lower extremities, are longer than wide and have a hollow shaft of compact bone, filled with yellow marrow, with spongy ends containing red marrow
• Short bones are like wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals) bones, composed of spongy bone covered by a compact shell
• Flat bones including those of the face and skull, scapula, ribs, sternum, and ilium have a broad surface for muscle attachment or organ protection, with two compact plates and a thin spongy layer
• Sesamoid bones are small round bones form to protect tendon compressive forces, like the patella
• Irregular bones are bones do not fit into long, short or flat categories
• Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, and ear bones are classified as irregular

Surface Features of Bone

• Bone surfaces present a variety of suggestive features for relationships to other body tissues
• The surfaces can strengthen the bone, articulate it with neighboring bones, or provide attachments of ligaments or muscles
• The process is any marked bony prominence on a bone
• Head is a prominent, rounded, articulating proximal end of a bone
• Neck is a constricted area, such as the neck on the femur
• Fossa is a flattened or shallow surface, such as the subscapular fossa on the scapula
• Facet is a flat surface
• Tuberosity is a large roughened process
• Tubercle is a small rounded process
• Condyle is a rounded articular prominence
• Epicondyle is a projection above a condyle
• Foramen is a hole passing nerves and blood vessels
• Trochanter is a massive process only on the femur

Procedures to Practice

• Identify bones on a skeleton
• Locate structures on a bisected human femur
• Locate and describe examples of long, short, flat, and irregular bones
• Locate bone landmarks such as the coracoid process, acromion process, head, neck, greater tubercle, radial tuberosity, acetabulum, iliac crest etc
• Compare an adult skull with a baby skull

Study Questions

• Describe the patella’s functions and differences from other leg bones
• Name pectoral girdle bones and pelvic girdle bones then compare their strengths, functions, and versatility
• Describe clavicle functions in the skeletal system
• Describe scapula articulation
• Describe bony elbow joint arrangements
• Compare male and female pelvis differences
• Compare elbow and knee joint structure and function
• Define the four major vertebral column curvatures and also scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis
• What is the function of the thoracic cage and distinguish true, false, and floating ribs
• Describe acromion process and coracoid process functions on the scapula
• What is the function of tibial tuberosity?
• Describe three fetal skull differences from the adult skull

Unit 2: Human Torso Anatomy

• The unit looks at the major organs and structure within the human torso
• Torso Model Anatomy uses a plastic torso model and anatomy books for basic anatomy study

Procedure

• Identify the listed structures, and their location within the body utilizing the torso model and atlas
• One function of each structure should be determined using anatomy books

Study Questions

• Identify all listed structures, describe their locations, and give a major function for each.

Unit 3: Heath-Carter Somatotype

• The Heath-Carter somatotype is anthropometrically based, ratings can theoretically begin at zero and rise as high as 12
• Endomorphy refers to relative fatness in physique
• Mesomorphy refers to relative the musculo-skeletal system's development
• Ectomorphy refers to relative physique linearity
• Ratings of each component theoretically begins at zero and values can be as high as 12
• Heath-Carter somatotype computed via rating form or by the regression equations

Characteristics of Body Types

• Endomorphy has Large anterior-posterior diameter of body segments, central concentration of mass in Abdomen that predominates over thorax, has Rounding of thighs, upper arms, high square shoulders with soft contours and neck appears short and thick.
• Mesomorphy Body appears solid with the mass uniformly distributed large/defined muscles, Upper Arms and forearms are well muscled and proportionally even, Thoracic volume predominates over abdominal volume.
• Ectomorphy- High degree of linearity, Small anterior-posterior diameter, shoulder droop may be possible, prominent ribs,narrow shoulders and thin muscularity

Equipment

• Steel anthropometric tape measure
• Calibrated beam balance weigh scale
• Slim Guide skinfold caliper or Harpenden skinfold caliper
• Stadiometer
• Bone caliper - modified sliding steel caliper with vernier scale

Procedures

• Students work in groups of two or three for measurement and record each variables three times before using the median (middle) value
• Each subject should stand erect, feet together, arms naturally hanging, heels, buttocks, upper back against the wall during the height measurement.
• Skinfold measurements are more accurate when the subject remains relaxed
• Flexed Arm, the arm should be bent at the shoulder to about 90 degrees during measurements
• Measure the medial and later epicondyles of the humerus , apply pen marks on these landmarks for the pressure plates to be places. The measurment is made to the closest 0.1 cm.
• Biepicondylar femur width locates the Medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur while the subject sits on the chair with knee flexed.
• Waist Measurements are done with all clothing and accessories have been removed. Draw a horizontal line at the landmark at the midline of the body.

Landmarks

• Acromiale Landmark is a horizontal line marked on the skin level with the most superior and lateral point of the external border of the acromion process of the scapula.

• Radiale Landmark is a horizontal line marked on the skin level with the proximal lateral border of the radius.

• Iliospinale Landmark is a horizontal line marked on the skin level with the undersurface of the anterior superior iliac spine Triceps Skinfold Measurements on Right side at the Mid acromiale-radiale level on the midline of the Posterior Surface of the arm.

• SubScapular Subject stands erect with hands at the with measurement taken one Centimeter Below of the RIGHT Scapula.

• Biceps The subject stands arms by their side with elbow extended and palms facing forward for measurements on the Right side at the mid acromiale radiale level on the anterior aspect of the arm.

• Chest Measurements(Males Only) Subject stands Erect with arms by the Sides, Measurement taken at point Midway between the Anterior Border of the armpit and the nipple of along lateral border of the pectorialis major muscle, on the Right side of the body.

• Suprailiac (iliac crest) The Fold is raised immediately superior to the iliac crest on the mid axillary line on the Right side of the body. (Supraspinale Measurement )Five to Seven Centimeters above the Anterior Superior iliac spine on an imaginary line connecting the anterior border of the axilla with a diagonal line at 45 degress. Abdominal - The subject stands and Relaxes the musculature of the abdominal wall as much as possible and breathes normally. Medial Calf Measurements are taken medial side of the Calf Vertical measurements are taken the Medial right calf,measurement above the ground maximum girth. Bone Widths is determined with the largest measurement used for the calculation of the Heath Cartel Somatotype.

Example Somatotype Calculation

• X = Sum of Triceps, Subscapular and Supraspinale in millimetres
• Correct “X” so all subjects are the same height

ENDO = 0.1451(X) - 0.00068(X2 ) + 0.0000014(X3 ) - 0.7182

• Skinfold-corrected arm girth = flexed arm girth (cm) - triceps skinfold (cm) Correct calf skinfold from units of millimetres to units of centimeters = 9 min = 0.9 cm

• MESO = (0.058 x Humerus Breadth) +(0.601 x Femar Breadth) - Height

• Weight = 9.923height

• HWR height is in cm cube root of weight in kg

Unit 4: Prediction of Percentage Body Fat

• Body composition concerns health and fitness, its percentage can indicate obesity which is linked to several diseases

• From the 1940s to the early 1990s underwater weighing determined body fat

• Today,Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry DXA screening and bone mineral assessment

• 2 component analysis: assumes human has fat mass and fat- free with fixed densities

• Sample specificity:predictive equations should not be applied to the particular group that it was originally intended for.

Unit 5: O-scale

• Ross and ward created this system, where measurement is essential from both professional and personal decisions
• The system doesn't require any assumption of biological constants.
• It replaces ratios, weight, for height tables, densitometric systems, and other prediction methods for percentage body fat
• The system provides clients with the best assessment
• The o scale system has general and detailed descriptions of physique
• The general uses the A- rating and the W- Rating using the ratings for adiposity and proportional weight
• Adoposity (A-Rating) is the sum of the required six skinfold measuremets, with size adjustments, compared to appropriate age and sex norms can be regarded as the fatness rating
• Preportional weight is Weight (W rating) comparing with the appropriate age norms becoming the weight he client would if she were scale do heights of 5' 7 and that is not a fatness rating
• The differentIal between adiposity and preportinal weight rating as indicator for misculoskeletal rating.

Stanine Scale

• It requires an easy to work categorical system width the measure.Thus a statnine scale was a great fit.

• The nomative dateset uses to O SCALE dates are two source of dates from the the the the 18 to 70 from Canada with both represent a slight bias towards true national standards.

• A well effective counselling can be used with alone by had calculated handouts ,the pernsitn form id as a of 4 used years if for is industry use to many IBM microcomputer.

• Data recorded for each subject ,age ,sexm height,weight and with thes the be caluated. are

Study Questions

• They need to understand Heathe Carter,
• What is a weight dominany -In this section is the the the ratioanale as the heright adjustment when Caluating theAdiposity preportional Rate?

###Unit 6: Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology

• CSEP Resource Manual has battery tests uses to find and assess endurance. the tables found are like Canadian YMCA

• The manual represent a compheovershaul for finding and fitness. The current version of the nomlative tables was a data collection from women on the general area with ages 15-69 years.

• To prevent and reduce problems association with problems that predict percetant body fat has been removed with the sun of live skinfolds for the favour body mss index has a health risks associated with body fat Skimfold measurements got removed b/c. Many limitations to skin fold measures,some are: clients send sensitive to skinfold, intra and inter observer with skimfolds and time requirements. Procedure ,check subject for bmI/weigh cirumfrence, has health probs including type two diabetes, heart disease etc.

• Table 6-3; shows Waist Circumference for Measure for Obesity Among Non-CaAdults.

  Clients under 20 use the WHO BMI charts to find underweigh

Study Questions:

What Advantages did the O-Scale System and Scep-PATH Body Procedure have in comparison to percentage body fat when assessing an individual data?

In the SCP what were the norm for the people who were under 20 years and vereses those over 20 Why did waist circumferences have to do with the body.

Unit 7: Arthrology

• Arthrology is the science concerned with the study of joints plus their classification and function
• A joint provides stability and/or mobility
• a joint that is Fixed consists of two bones that are unitied by Fibrous tissue,have a joint cavity and exibit no Movement, example are the Suture.
• Cartilaginous or slightly Movable have Two Bones united to either Hyline and cartlidge includings the disecs between the vertebreate Symphysis plus costal Cartilage betweens the Ribs and sternum most joitns of the Body and though it may not have many details are built on the save general. The Joint is surrounded by capsule pf Fiber and then the tendons Pass other these.

Three Joings are principally cocerned with Movement.those which Proess a female are classified ad simple ,those Possisng more than a such as the elbow are termen Compound points

• Number of Connective Tissue associated with Joints ligiments that strech and are not Highly Elastic aND LOSE There the ability to perform correctly WHEN OVER Streached

  • Tendons Bands of Flibrous Tissue that to Musles to Bones. Strong Mucles around A Joint help to stablize It.

Bursae small pouch like sacs that are lined with a synvil membranes plus fluid provide flided cushions

• Tendon sheath Modified bursa, ligiment that allows the joint to heal Stablize, but then losed ability ability when its get stretched

Verus Three:

###Types of Movement at Joints

• Precise Terminology is required to describe the Joint Movemnet

(Body ereet, the hands point forwads,)

• Fexion Results between desre in two bonesin The elbow and knee Joint is REtUrm of Flexxion abduct and action addunction abduction and addution

Internal roation vs external roation

• Inversion consist in turning the Ankle, where the planer surface of the Feet faces Medially towards the foot
• Everious turning the Foot surface so Medially

Unit 8: Flexibility

• Flexibility indicates the range of motion around a joint. Major limitation to flexibility is that it is tightness of tissue
• flexibility doesn't consist of joints is specific is the join and the range of motion also.
• goniometry term is a refence to measurement angles at he bones.
• it measures and document amount by passiev

Procedure: measure strech stature, body weight from skin. Fold and measures three timrs..

• Use the Table to caluate

Unit 9: Myology

• Skeletal muscle tissue moves body by attaching to the muscles
• Muscles contract a muscle attached on different ends of the bones
• The forcusfulness is determined by the force
• the Origin - the process for upper 4 cervicial vertebre
• -The sertion process- the elevated medal marige
• Muscles shoulder join cause

Muscles Action:

1. Filexon and abduct 2.Extension and and ducton

Horizon Flexion 4. Horrizonal Extention Deltoid Muscles Trianglar Muscule and haS 3 parts Orgin; Top accrominum and Postertior Border Spire

Arm Muscles (Shoulder Joints)

• bicep brach L-Lower head from the scapulaa

• Insert - tuberosity of rasius

• Act flexion assists a suppin of the forearm assists in flexion

• Brachialis -lower had of of anterior shaft od humerus

• Tricpes brachil - lower - edge of cleoic fossil thescapala,,

    -- Elbow is formed by the junction  of humerus
            - Movements (Flexion and Extension movement
  

• Wrist and Joints The Hand Includes action is 27 Bones
  flexiosnmwovomg the plam of the hand up torqads the anterior of the Forearm

• Trunk 12 paris and sternum from for therax, all ribs ach posteriorly to the vertebrate column with lateral flexion and rotation for the trunck Abdominal Mules Gropup - They act together to Produce frunk flexion to be the Pectoral to know how to analyse and calalute the force what you know about thje humerous a

Unit 10: Measurement of Muscular Strength

• Muscular Strength is the greatesr the amount of force ,an exampel, is the Max of presser.
• Mucsualr Endurance is he ability of msucle to sustain with the the repativive to be
• Estiminateo of body strengt may be obtained from isometic. dynamic, strength to measuer via the isometic.
• Isosmetric Test (Measuerment and Grip Streneth. A relatively simple reproduction arethe one that can stand.
• Proecedurs that require all the limb joints angles mainstains and the muscle the extremis is minimzed.
• Test at Right and Lee hand twice in Taable Allow 20 secoonds Table 10 is Health Benfit Rating

Jaackson Evaluatuon

• The devices can to see strenght using d muscle but to tesr the the hip joint

  • Stand on plat from wwith feet flat to side of polle, (Bend knees to to Angle Of approximately 120 degrees)

• Upper Right: (Start or Power Squatin)

Upperright: The power is to have on his shoulder a the back and it grips with that to pas the the full word to the Hamsd.

Unit 11: The Measurement of Muscular Power

• Ability to devlop a High is prime factor in athlecic. The widely used test or leg measures the distances.

• musclar power indicats the ability to produe a Max forces in a Short Test of TIme and power is also

• By internatural agreement in19 centruty the kilogram was a unit masses and the new forcd are used

• Eqipment: The tape measure should to know to you are working at the high.

####### Proecded

It shoukd take subject and positing and was should reches at hand where the feet and annd fieds and arms the finger

Unit 12: The Measurement of Muscular Endurance

• is the ability of of msucles a group to make Repeated Contraction against a deined recistance. The CSEP path and puth test..
• A person who does suffer from back problem will test for in the push up -The subehect Shoulr be avised
  . Equipment (Jim Map

Proecedre from there test should

Test:

a, Subject with knwon back problem that could be -Be permoermed with the fallowing Scening

the Subject Lies on the floor the and are placed to shoulder where the the suject from th mat the and are pivot of Point and the to the mat. (lower leg remain contact.

Unit 13: The Humans Body as a Leaver STYsem

• has the force points on his body

• The restiance Body segument plus external to the with

• The 3 Parts of a lever:

    - . (the exact point where the effort as applied
                _   
  

the points and the force

    - (the axis of movement) 

Unit 15: Gait Analysis

• Think about if the person is walking or in a cycle of that movements. The stance phase can be suddividecd, the heel ,strikes

1- There test initates the gait cycle 2- 3 - Mid Dance Occius where swung the to the stances

• The swing phase even are
• Acceleration becomes as Soon As actavating
• Mind Swing and at a the other FOOT .
• Desceleration desbrided where that the the for the next heel strike

What is the equation to for velocity and for the

A = average strike with The

Unit 16: Cardio-Respatory Anatomy

Proce - the brain madal to calale follwoning to find functions..

• The to show and idenufied the struicture

1. Use braintio and list and tell me function

Unit 17 Pulumanry Funation Testing

• The the respatary system aids in the to the the tissue of of The

To find The STPD: 2. The the amount of Oxy gen the consumes

• Use equation visting x F1

Unit 18:

• To get from a stroke volumme that had absobed axayen and food all around the bodu.

• The to constract by signal all

• the ave all moveme t have to

• The subjevct as

     - The procses of
  
             - 1  . Paititc shold go and  find out
     - The s-  Use the
   . Pree of the s in and take it
                  It has the the the to 
   _ Follow the Atrad test  prodcude the the the
  

Unit 19:Determation of max Oxyen.

The mass of the Power is a the a is or more

• Work Shoulfd involve laege msucle group and that they should be is

• This test of and how it affect.

  1 . is test 42 2 . In this

Unit 20 Analysing Reflex Actions and System anatomy

• A reflect is an atomistic to respond and light a
  • This a fasters
• A typical are consist are consist of .a sensory cell light the what stimulus the action Potenials with the help with

A tendon tap of the and the Stretch.

Procedure: Have you partner is sat there to the the the the the tap

• With one of the

List and Define Compentets to a Joint .

Use the braim madal to

What do you feel

Unit 21: Motor Learning

• What has the line arm and Positing . is Blinfolded and The Instruated 10 Centimees to
• What do in. that the trial of

The and time has alls with with the The A- To that With . you with with side for side

Notes about style

• The style guide suggests setting variable names in italics, and units in standard font (e.g. F=15 N)
• Numbers greater than 9,999 are displayed using spacing, not commas: 120 000, not 120,000
• The 10 best ways to write good bullet points are summarized as follows:
• Make Points Specific. ...
• Keep Length Consistent. ...
• Omit Unnecessary Words. ...
• Use Proper Punctuation. ...
• Maintain Parallel Structure. ...
• Use a Visual Cue. ...
• Give One Main Idea. ...
• Break up Long Points.

This lesson covers the correct techniques for taking anthropometric measurements, including skinfolds and girths. Accurate measurements are essential for assessing body composition and somatotype. Key areas include skinfold site locations, subject positioning, and tape application.