Anthropology Exam 2 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What are the 3 types of kinships?

Consanguineal kinship, Affinal kinship, Fictive kinship.

What is consanguineal kinship?

Biologically related relatives, commonly referred to as blood relatives.

What is affinal kinship?

Relatives by marriage; in-laws.

What is fictive kinship?

Relationships among individuals who recognize kinship obligations although the relationships are not based on either consanguineal or affinal ties. Signup and view all the answers

What does a nuclear family consist of?

Parents and children. Signup and view all the answers

What is a kin group?

A group of people who culturally conceive themselves to be relatives. Signup and view all the answers

What are three functions of marriage?

Produces and socialize children, serves as a basic economic unit, creates a set of rights and obligations between individuals and broader kin groups. Signup and view all the answers

What is exogamy?

Marriage outside of a group. Signup and view all the answers

What is endogamy?

Marriage within a particular group. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between exogamy and endogamy?

Exogamy is marriage outside a group, while endogamy is marriage within a group. Signup and view all the answers

What is monogamy?

The marital practice of having only one spouse at a time. Signup and view all the answers

What is polygamy?

Marriage in which three or more spouses are involved. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of polygamy?

Polygyny (man with multiple wives) and polyandry (woman with multiple husbands). Signup and view all the answers

What is group marriage?

Marriage in which several men and women have sexual access to one another. Signup and view all the answers

What is bridewealth?

Goods given from the groom's family to the bride's family to legitimize a marriage. Signup and view all the answers

What is bride service?

Work or service performed for the bride's family by the groom for a specified period of time. Signup and view all the answers

What is a dowry?

When the wife's family pays the groom's family. Signup and view all the answers

What is a post-marital residence pattern?

When the majority of newly married couples establish their own residence. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between patrilineal, matrilineal, and bilateral descent?

Patrilineal is descent through the male line, matrilineal is descent through the female line, and bilateral descent is through both lines. Signup and view all the answers

What is matrifocality?

Family group consisting of a mother and her children, while the male is only loosely attached or not present at all. Signup and view all the answers

What is an extended family?

Two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together into a large domestic group. Signup and view all the answers

What is unilineal descent?

Descent through one line, including patrilineal (father) and matrilineal (mother), but not both. Signup and view all the answers

What is cognatic descent?

A form of descent in which relationships are traced back using both male and female lines of descent. Signup and view all the answers

What are kin terms?

The words used by an individual to describe their various kinds of relatives. Signup and view all the answers

What is a life cycle?

The changes in expected activities, roles, rights, and obligations, and social relationships individuals experience as they move through culturally defined age categories. Signup and view all the answers

What is a rite of passage?

A public ceremony or ritual recognizing and making a transition from one group or status to another. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of religion?

A system of belief in the supernatural. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of magic?

Practices designed to gain control over the supernatural. Signup and view all the answers

What is a taboo?

Deviation from social norms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between sorcery and witchcraft?

Sorcery is the performance of rites and spells to cause harm, while witchcraft uses psychic powers to harm others. Signup and view all the answers

What is a ritual?

Organized, symbolic behaviors intended to influence supernatural powers. Signup and view all the answers

What are priests?

A kind of religion specialists, often full-time, who officiates at rituals. Signup and view all the answers

What are shamans?

Part-time religious specialists with informal training, often considered born to be supernatural. Signup and view all the answers

What is generalized reciprocity?

A good or service is provided without an overt expectation for compensation, with the expectation of future reciprocation. Signup and view all the answers

What is negative reciprocity?

One party exploits the other party in a transaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is balanced reciprocity?

Direct exchange of goods of equal value. Signup and view all the answers

What is redistribution?

Surplus goods are given to a central authority that uses the goods for the benefit of society. Signup and view all the answers

What is market exchange?

Use of a symbolic medium of exchange. Signup and view all the answers

What is globalization?

The process of integrating the world's peoples economically, socially, politically, and culturally into a single world system or community. Signup and view all the answers

What is an ethnic group?

A named social group based on perceptions of shared ancestry, cultural traditions, and common history. Signup and view all the answers

What are ethnic boundary markers?

Any overt characteristics that can be used to indicate ethnic group membership. Signup and view all the answers

What is ethnogenesis?

The creation of a new ethnic group. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of nationality?

An ethnic group that claims a right to a discrete homeland and to political autonomy. Signup and view all the answers

What is ethnic segregation?

The enforced separation of ethnic groups, where the dominant ethnic group places legal restrictions on others. Signup and view all the answers

What are ethnic accommodations?

Formally recognize and support the ethnic and cultural differences in a population. Signup and view all the answers

What is a subnationality?

A dependent subgroup within a larger nationality that lacks a discrete homeland. Signup and view all the answers

What are transnationals?

Members of an ethnic community living outside their country of origin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of sex?

Biological identity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of gender?

Culturally constructed identity often rooted in behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is institutionalized gender crossing?

Socially recognized transition from one gender category to another. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four characteristics of institutionalized gender crossing?

Occupation, cross-dressing, same-sex sexual activity, associated with supernatural powers. Signup and view all the answers

What is gender stratification?

Degree to which males and females are unequal in various dimensions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the smallest to largest political systems?

Band (extended family), Tribe (independent political unit), Chiefdom (centralized authority), State (centralized multi-level unit). Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between simple and composite bands?

Simple bands consist of little more than an extended family; composite bands consist of several extended families. Signup and view all the answers

What is a tribe?

An independent political unit encompassing a number of distinct communities held together by sodalities. Signup and view all the answers

What is a chiefdom?

A centralized political system with authority vested in formal offices or titles. Signup and view all the answers

What is a state in a political context?

A centralized, multilevel political unit with bureaucratic governing. Signup and view all the answers

What is influence?

The ability to convince people to act as suggested. Signup and view all the answers

What is authority?

The recognized right of an individual to command another. Signup and view all the answers

What are big men?

Political leaders who don’t occupy formal offices and whose leadership is based on influence. Signup and view all the answers

What are sodalities?

Formal institutions that unite geographically scattered groups. Signup and view all the answers

What is social control?

Mechanisms by which behavior is constrained to adhere to norms. Signup and view all the answers

What are laws?

Codified rules of conduct that are enforced with punishment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a self-help legal system?

Informal legal systems in societies without centralized authority. Signup and view all the answers

What is a feud?

A method of dispute settlement involving multiple killings between kin groups. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three categories of court systems?

Incipient Courts, Courts of Mediation, Courts of Regulation. Signup and view all the answers

What are incipient courts?

Court systems in which authorities meet informally to discuss issues. Signup and view all the answers

What are courts of mediation?

Court systems where judges attempt to reach compromise solutions. Signup and view all the answers

What are courts of regulation?

Court systems using codified laws with prescribed rights and duties. Signup and view all the answers

What is inequality?

Degree to which individuals or groups differ in access to rewards. Signup and view all the answers

What are egalitarian societies?

Forms of society with little inequality in access to rewards. Signup and view all the answers

What are ranked societies?

Societies with a limited number of high-ranking social positions. Signup and view all the answers

What are stratified societies?

Society with largely heritable differences in access to wealth and power. Signup and view all the answers

What are classes in stratified societies?

Groups in society receiving comparable levels of rewards. Signup and view all the answers

What are castes?

Stratification system where membership is in theory hereditary. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Kinship Types

Consanguineal Kinship: Biologically related individuals, commonly known as blood relatives.
Affinal Kinship: Relatives by marriage; typically refers to in-laws.
Fictive Kinship: Recognized relationships with kinship obligations that do not stem from blood or marriage ties, such as close friends or foster children.

Family Structures

Nuclear Family: Comprises parents and their children.
Kingroup: Cultural group perceived as relatives, cooperating in activities and sharing kin identity.
Matrifocality: Family structure consisting of a mother and her children, with minimal or no male presence.
Extended Family: Multiple closely related nuclear families living together.

Marriage Concepts

Marriage: Socially recognized union between male and female, serving three main functions:
- Producing and socializing children.
- Acting as a basic economic unit.
- Establishing rights and obligations between individuals and kin.

Marriage Practices

Exogamy: Marriage outside of a specific group.
Endogamy: Marriage within a specific group.
Monogamy: Marital practice of having one spouse at a time.
Polygamy: Marriage involving three or more spouses, with two types:
- Polygyny: Man with multiple wives.
- Polyandry: Woman with multiple husbands.
Group Marriage: Multiple men and women having sexual access to one another.

Marriage Traditions

Bridewealth: Goods given from the groom's family to the bride's family to legitimize marriage.
Bride Service: Work performed by the groom for the bride's family, either before or after marriage.
Dowry: Property or money brought by the wife to her husband upon marriage.

Descent Patterns

Patrilineal Descent: Kinship traced through the male line.
Matrilineal Descent: Kinship traced through the female line.
Bilateral Descent: Kinship traced through both male and female lines.
Unilineal Descent: Kinship traced through only one line: either patrilineal or matrilineal.
Cognatic Descent: Relationships traced through both male and female lines.

Cultural Transition and Rites

Life Cycle: Changes in roles and relationships as individuals pass through culturally defined age categories.
Rite of Passage: Public ceremony marking a transition from one status or group to another.
Rite of Initiation: Marks acceptance into a group or society.

Religious and Supernatural Beliefs

Religion: System of belief in the supernatural.
Magic: Practices aimed at controlling supernatural forces.
Fetish: An object utilized in magic for protection or aid.
Taboo: Behavior deviating from social norms.

Political Systems: Hierarchical organizations include
- Band: Small, typically extended family groups.
- Tribe: Several communities connected by social ties with achieved status.
- Chiefdom: Centralized systems with hereditary authority.
- State: Large, bureaucratic societies with both achieved and ascribed status.

Economic Systems

Reciprocity: Exchange of goods/services with variations including:
- Generalized Reciprocity: Providing without immediate compensation.
- Balanced Reciprocity: Direct exchange of equal value.
- Negative Reciprocity: Exploitation in transactions.
Redistribution: Centralized authority redistributing goods for societal benefit.
Market Exchange: Utilization of a medium, such as money, for trade.

Global Dynamics

Globalization: Integration of economies, societies, and cultures worldwide.
Global Economy: Interconnected market for goods and services.

Ethnic Group: Social group sharing ancestry, traditions, and history.
Ethnogenesis: Formation of new ethnic groups.
Ethnic Segregation: Enforced separation of ethnic groups by dominant groups.
Gender Stratification: Inequality in access to resources and opportunities based on gender.

Court Systems and Legal Structures

Inequality: Variance in access to rewards and opportunities.
Incipient Courts: Informal judicial systems focused on discussions, lacking formal evidence collection.
Courts of Mediation: Attempt to reach compromises based on cultural values.
Courts of Regulation: Authorities utilizing codified laws to resolve disputes.

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Test your knowledge on the types of kinships with these flashcards. This quiz covers concepts such as consanguineal, affinal, and fictive kinship relationships, essential for understanding anthropological studies. Prepare for your upcoming exam and deepen your comprehension of kinship dynamics.