Anthropology and Sociology

• Anthropology studies mankind, their works, bodies, behavior, and values across time and space.
• Archaeology studies ancient and historical human remains to comprehend human adaptation and development.
• Cultural anthropology investigates a society's culture through its belief systems, practices, and possessions.
• Physical anthropology explores the biological development and contemporary variations of humans.
• Applied anthropology uses theories and approaches to solve modern-day issues.
• Sociology is defined as the scientific study of society including relationships, social interaction, and culture.
• Scientific, in the sociological context, pertains to methodological and theoretical rigor.
• Sociology applies its scientific methods to study society and human behavior.
• Society arises from human interactions, where individuals adhere to cultural rules.
• Positive orientation views society as quantifiable, allowing for objective deductions.
• Anti-positivist orientation uses a subjective approach to interpret social phenomena through individual experiences.
• Political theory examines the contemporary application of concepts like human rights, equality, peace, and justice.
• Comparative politics aims to contextualize differences in governmental and political systems.
• International relations studies state relations and the broader effects of globalization and climate, including terrorism and piracy.
• Political behavior encompasses individual attitudes, knowledge, and actions related to political factors, such as government policies.
• Public policy concerns the types of governmental policies and their underlying motivations for implementation.
• Public administration studies administrative schemes executed by government officials.
• Applied orientation addresses contemporary issues in politics, ethics, and governance across all subdisciplines.
• Environment consists of the historical, social, and economic conditions affecting the acceptability of policies.
• State is a political entity composed of territory, government, people, and sovereignty.
• Government is the personnel managing state affairs, particularly allocating scarce resources.
• Sovereignty is the capacity of a political system to enforce its rules and policies.
• Territory is defined by geographic space, including land, rivers, airspace, seas, seabed, and submarine areas.

Module 2

• Society is a group sharing a common culture within a specific geographic boundary.
• Material cultures consist of tangible objects.
• Non-material culture includes ideas, language, symbols, religion, behavior, gestures, and habits.
• Knowledge is information received and considered true.
• Beliefs are perceptions of accepted reality.
• Social norms are established expectations for behavior based on the context of time, place, or situation.
• Folkways are patterns of repetitive behavior that become habitual.
• Mores are ethical standards and moral obligations that distinguish right from wrong.
• Values are principles considered worthy, important, desirable, or valuable.

Module 3

• Nationality is the identity tied to being part of a country, sharing history, traditions, and language, within a defined territory.
• Naturalization is the process of acquiring nationality through birth or legal application.
• Ethnic groups are cultural groups within a nation sharing environments, traditions, and histories, not always part of the mainstream.
• Gender refers to socially constructed roles, behaviors, and attributes deemed appropriate for men and women.
• Sex refers to biological characteristics; gender categories are more diverse, including LGBTQI identities.
• Heterosexual: attracted to the opposite sex.
• Homosexual: attracted to the same sex.
• Gay: a male attracted to another male.
• Lesbian: a female attracted to another female.
• Bisexual: attracted to both sexes.
• Asexual: not sexually attracted to any sex.
• Polysexual: attracted to multiple genders.
• Pansexual: attracted to all types of gender.
• Transgender: gender identity does not match biological sex.
• Transsexual: sexual orientation is not related to genitalia, identifying as heterosexual, homosexual, pansexual, etc.
• Political Identity: attitudes and practices related to political systems.
• Cultural variation: differences in social behaviors across cultures.
• Ethnocentrism: promoting one's own culture as most efficient and superior.
• Symbol: object, word, or action representing something else culturally.
• Language: a form of symbolism.

Explore anthropology: the study of mankind, their works, behavior, and values across time and space. Delve into sociology which scientifically studies society, relationships, social interaction, and culture, examining human behavior through methodological and theoretical rigor.